BILL MOORE'S
FOLK WISDOM PAGE.
9/21/2005.

Copyright © 2003, G. William Moore, MD, PhD.
http://www.medparse.com/billfolk.htm
DRAFT COPY ONLY.
9/21/2005.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Send comments and correspondence to: George.Moore4@med.va.gov
See also: http://www.medparse.com/gwmcv.htm .............

Dr. Moore is a board-certified anatomic pathologist,
a licensed Maryland physician, and a baptized Christian.

DISCLAIMER: Many of the stated facts and references in this report are gathered from memory only, and may be in error. Please accept my apologies.

0. TABLE OF CONTENTS.



  • 1. Biography of G. William Moore, MD, PhD.

  • 2. Being a Pathologist.

  • 3. Science and Mathematics.

  • 4. Information Technology.

  • 5. Being an American.

  • 6. Classical Greece and Rome.

  • 7. Europe.

  • 8. Germany.

  • 9. Great Britain.

  • 10. Middle East.

  • 11. Asia.

  • 12. Japan.

  • 13. China.

  • 14. Being a Christian.

  • 15. Addenda.

  • 16. References.

  • 17. Return to Bill Moore's home page.

  • 18. Additional information.

    1. BIOGRAPHY OF
    G. WILLIAM MOORE, MD, PhD.

    George William Moore, MD, PhD, is a board-certified anatomic pathologist, a licensed Maryland physician, and a baptized Christian. He was born in August, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and was baptized in April, 1946.

    He attended public schools in Highland Park, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. He was awarded the Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in 1967; the PhD degree in Biomathematics from North Carolina State University at Raleigh in 1971; and the MD degree from Wayne State University School of Medicine in 1976.

    Dr. Moore completed a residency and fellowship in Anatomic Pathology at The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions in 1981. He is board-certified in Anatomic Pathology, and a licensed Maryland physician.

    He has been married to Mrs. Barbara L. Moore for over 30 years, and has two sons.

    2. BEING A PATHOLOGIST.



    The Job of the Pathologist.

    Most pathologists spend most of their time as surgical pathologists or cytopathologists. These are pathologists who examine the morphologic appearances of tissues, and correlate these appearances with pathologic processes that occur in the human body. These pathologists make nearly all the new diagnoses of cancer in advanced medical cultures. In the USA, with a population of 280,000,000, a dedicated cadre of 18,000 pathologists examine some 40,000,000 cases each year.

    You can't be a decent pathologist if your training and experience are deficient in understanding either the morphologic appearances of tissues or pathologic processes. When I was young and foolish, I used to consider this a statement by tired old men who were insecure about their jobs, and didn't want pathology informatics to succeed, and possibly replace them. I'm now a tired old man myself, and I agree with my teachers of yesteryear!

    Almost every disease has a morphologic appearance that can be mistaken for something else with a different clinical history. My favorite example is a small piece of tissue from an unknown part of the body (remember, the pathologist doesn't see the patient, and doesn't necessarily know where the tissue came from), with the morphologic appearance that pathologists call: SMALL BLUE CELL TUMOR. Without further information, this tumor could be:
    small cell carcinoma of lung.
    small cell carcinoma of prostate.
    small cell carcinoma of anal canal.
    small cell carcinoma of uterine cervix.
    small cell carcinoma of esophagus.
    small cell carcinoma of gallbladder.
    small cell carcinoma of larynx.
    small cell carcinoma of nose.
    small cell carcinoma of paranasal sinuses.
    small cell carcinoma of ovary.
    small cell carcinoma of salivary gland.
    small cell carcinoma of thymus.
    small cell carcinoma of thyroid.
    small cell carcinoma of urinary bladder.
    esthesioneuroblastoma.
    adrenal neuroblastoma.
    spinal cord neuroblastoma.
    retinoblastoma.
    Merkel cell tumor.
    pineoblastoma.
    medulloblastoma.
    rhabdomyosarcoma.
    metastatic small cell carcinoma.
    Each of these tumors has a different prognosis and therapy. If the pathologist is only given a body-site origin of the tissue and an appropriate clinical history, then he/she can decide which of the diagnoses is correct.

    Sternberg SS, ed. Antonioli DA, Carter D, Eggleston JC, Mills SE, Oberman H, assoc eds.
    Diagnostic Surgical Pathology.
    New York: Raven Press. 1989;:.
    ISBN 0-88167-442-7, 1776 pages, 2 vols.

    Cancer: Yes or No.

    Many amateur pathologists, including non-pathologist physicians and medical informaticians, think that what we do for a living is to distinguish cancer from non-cancer. If this were only true, then the job of a pathologist could be performed by a bright, mature person with a high-school diploma and a few weeks of on-the-job training. This misperception of pathology has led to a widespread belief among amateur pathologists, that our job can be replaced by imaging systems and sufficiently well-conditioned computer programs. This may be true some day in the future, but not until the informaticians have a more accurate sense of our actual job as pathologists. A more accurate description would be that we distinguish almost-cancer from not-almost-cancer. So far, this discernment requires many years of training and experience, and calls upon our knowledge of morphologic appearances of tissues and pathologic processes.

    What the Pathologist
    does for the Surgeon.

    One of my colleagues, as an exercise for pathology residents (i.e., pathologists-in-training), sits with the resident, shows the resident the medical history for the case, and asks: what is the diagnosis? If the resident is smart and well-read, then he/she can answer correctly about 95% of the time. Then my colleague would put the slide under the microscope, and make the diagnosis for the case. Since the surgeon knows the medical history before he/she submits the case to the pathologist, it would be fair to say that the surgeon only really needs the pathologist for that last one in twenty cases. However, the surgeon doesn't know WHICH one case out of twenty requires the pathologist's attention. As another colleague put it: as long as there are medical malpractice lawyers, there will be jobs for pathologists.

    Atypia versus Dysplasia.

    At least moderate dysplasia only goes one way.

    Pathologist on the job.

    Vulnerable days; days on call; duty to take a properly identified specimen. Who gets which case?

    Me Too.

    Things that look alike. What is alike?

    Like Me.

    Diagnose cells by the company they keep.

    Lots of facts, a few simple ideas.



    Favorite Special Stain: Recuts.
    Second Favorite Special Stain: Looking up the old case.
    Third Favorite Special Stain: Good Clinical History.

    Aphorism for pathology residents from Dr. Jules J. Berman.
    http://www.pathinfo.com

    Recuts.

    The second best special stain.

    Sutton's Law.

    The notorious bank robber, Willie Sutton, was once asked why he always robbed banks. Reportedly he responded, Because that's where the money is. In his book, Sutton denies that he ever said this, and speculated that an enthusiastic reporter made up the line.

    The concept, GO WHERE THE MONEY IS, became a part of medical lore in the 1960s, when Dr. Paul Beeson immortalized SUTTON'S LAW in a paper that appeared in the American Journal of Medicine. This paper advised administering the most likely antibiotic to a patient with an acute infection, i.e., go where the money is, while one waits for culture results, that help decide the definitive antibiotic therapy. Drs. Hutchins, Bulkley, and I incorporated this idea into a paper on uncertainty in medical decision making.

    Sutton W, Linn E.
    Where the money was.
    Out of Print.

    Beeson P.
    Treatment of infectious disease....
    Am J Med. 1960....

    Moore GW, Hutchins GM, Bulkley BH.
    Certainty levels in the nullity method of symbolic logic: application to the pathogenesis of congenital heart malformations.
    J Theor Biol. 1979 Jan 7;76(1):53-81.

    Hippocrates Oath.



    First Do No Harm.



    Screw loose in his eyeglasses.

    According to legend, in a prestigious east-coast American medical center long ago, a person was visiting a friend at the hospital, and a screw came loose in his eyeglasses. Here he was at one of the world's premiere centers of excellence for ophthalmology, so the person set up an eye appointment. At the eye appointment, the ophthalmologist noticed some minor retinal changes possibly related to hypertension, and set up an internal medicine appointment for the person. During the internal medicine examination, the patient complained of blood per rectum, and the person was scheduled for a rigid sigmoidoscopy, a now obsolete procedure. During the sigmoidoscopy, the colon was accidentally perforated. The patient developed peritonitis, generalized sepsis, and died.

    Headache before an examination.

    According to legend, in a prestigious east-coast American medical school long ago, a student at the local university developed a headache on the night before an examination. The student was seen in the emergency room by a psychiatry resident, who prescribed a psychoactive medication. One of the recognized complications of this medication is torticollis, or spontaneous twisting of the neck, which occurred the next night in this student. Again, the student came to the emergency room, but this time was seen by an internal medicine resident, who didn't elicit the history of last night's medication, either from the student or from the hospital medical records. The medicine resident was concerned about

    Female patient name change.

    According to legend, in a prestigious east-coast American medical school long ago, there was a female patient who was admitted to the hospital for biopsy of an abdominal skin lesion. In those days, there were no computerized medical records, and there was no indication on the tissue request form that the patient had had any previous surgery. The departmental paper file cards showed no previous pathology for the patient. The microscopic slides showed a puzzling, spindle cell malignancy, which was sent out for consultation.

    As the story unfolded, the patient had had a prior vulvectomy, which she had not been asked about, at that very hospital, but she had remarried and had changed her name. She had records of her prior surgery in the card file under her previous name. She had also not been given a pelvic examination, which would have revealed the vulvectomy scar. The abdominal lesion was a metastasis from the primary tumor of the vulva.

    3. SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS.



    Alexander the Great's cryptography.

    This story was told to me by Prof. Nicholas DeClaris, who could not give me an exact reference. Alexander the Great encrypted messages on military information to his generals as follows. He wrote the message on a single tablet, then broke the tablet in half, and sent each half-tablet by a different messenger. The two half-tablets were then reassembled when the two messengers reached their destination.

    Foundations of Mathematics.

    Wilder R.

    Plato's Ideals.



    David Hilbert's Formalism.



    Brouwer's Intuitionism.

    Early 20th century mathematician, Brouwer,

    Quasi-emperical mathematics.



    Gödel was the last, great Platonist.



    Schneier B.
    Applied Cryptography, Second Edition. Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C.
    New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1996;:249-250.
    ISBN 0-471-12845-7, 758 pages.

    HIPAA.

    Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. The Final Rule goes into effect on April 14, 2003. HIPAA is the cause of much confusion and consternation among physicians and hospital administrators. The law is applicable to ALL transmissions, by paper or by computer, of INDIVIDUALLY IDENTIFIABLE MEDICAL RECORDS.

    Lookup Table; One-time-pad.
    Only cipher allowed by HIPAA.

    Invented in 1917 by French Major Joseph Maubourgne. Also by Gilbert Vernam, at American Telephone and Telegraph.

    This is an unbreakable cipher, the only one that is allowed for passing individually identifiable patient medical records under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, as amended.

    The way it works is that the sender points each

    Schneier B.
    Applied Cryptography, Second Edition. Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C.
    New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1996;:15-17.
    ISBN 0-471-12845-7, 758 pages.

    Cryptography: Julius Caesar's Cipher.

    This is a simple cipher, attributed to Julius Caesar, in which each of the 26 letters of the Roman alphabet (actually, there were fewer Roman letters in Caesar's day) are moved ahead by three letters: A becomes D, B becomes E, C becomes F, etc.

    Schneier B.
    Applied Cryptography, Second Edition. Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C.
    New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1996;:.
    ISBN 0-471-12845-7, 758 pages.

    Modulo arithmetic.

    First-century Chinese mathematician, Sun Tse, discovered the Chinese Remainder Theorem.

    Schneier B.
    Applied Cryptography, Second Edition. Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C.
    New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1996;:15-17.
    ISBN 0-471-12845-7, 758 pages.

    Albert Einstein. 1879-1955. Nobel Prize, Physics, 1921.

    Prize awarded for Einstein's work on Brownian motion, because relativity was considered such a questionable concept by many physicists of the day. The concept of relativity had been effectively proved in 1919, when Sir Arthur Eddington, an English physicist, studied the position of stars during a total eclipse of the sun, observed in South Africa.
    http://www.nobel.se/
    http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html



    5. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY.



    Computer translation.



    5. BEING AN AMERICAN.



    U. S. Bill of Rights.

    First ten amendments to the United States Constitution.

    1. Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly.

    2. Right to bear arms.

    3. Quartering during peacetime.

    4. Unreasonable search and seizure. Warrant signed by a judge. Roe versus Wade. 1972.

    5. Against self-incrimination. Immanent domain.

    6. Due process.

    7.

    8. Cruel and unusual punishment.

    9.

    10.

    An attorney who defends himself
    has a fool for a client.

    Attributed to Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), 16th President of the United States.

    A physician who treats himself
    has a fool for a client.

    Paraphrase of above.

    This is the forest primeval,
    the murmuring pines and the hemlocks,

    Girded with moss, and in garments green, indistinct in the twilight,
    Stand, as Druids of old, with beards that rest on their bosoms,
    First lines of the Evangeline by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 19th century American poet. This epic poem about the tragic migration of the Cajuns (Arcadians) from French Canada (Arcadia) to southern Louisiana in the 18th century, after being driven out by English Canadians. The poem was written in dactylic hexameter, the poetic meter used in Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, and in Virgil's Aeneid. The more common meter in English-language poetry is iambic pentameter, employed by Shakespeare. This conscious imitation of classical poetic meter lends weightiness, or gravitas, to Longfellow's work.

    God gave us the French, so that Americans
    would always have the benefit of a second opinion.

    Attributed to Mark Twain, 19th century American writer and humorist. Samuel Langhorne Clemens. Mark Twain 1835-1910.

    Mark Twain's length of the Mississippi River.

    Samuel Langhorne Clemens. Mark Twain 1835-1910.

    Samuel Langhorne Clemens.
    Nom de Plume: Mark Twain. 1835-1910.

    19th century American writer and humorist.

    Call me Ishmael.

    First sentence of Herman Melville's Moby Dick.
    Ishmael was a wanderer (as was the narrator of Moby Dick). Ishmael was the son of Abraham by Abraham's Egyptian handmaiden, Hagar. When Abraham's wife, Sarah, gave birth to Isaac, at the age of 99, Ishmael was cast out of Abraham's house (Genesis 16-17).
    Traditionally, Ishmael was the ancestor of the Arab peoples, and Isaac was the ancestor of the Jews. This legendary event supposedly gave rise to the thousand years of emnity between these two peoples.

    Detroit Renaissance Center (DRC).

    When the DRC was being built, there was a contest to name the center. The idea promoted publicly by the contest was that the name should be simple, easy-to-understand, and chosen by an ordinary Detroit citizen. The result was a polysyllabic, difficult-to-pronounce French word, chosen by the late Henry Ford II, from Detroit's most prominent family, hardly an ordinary Detroiter.
    The DRC is an architectural disaster. Finding your way around this labyrinthine complex of ugly, gray cement buildings is an impossibility for all but frequent visitors. There is no "second floor", just local second floors for different sections of the edifice. Finding a lavatory in a hurry requires Ariadne's thread. Apparently this is an artefact of the Puritanical belief that nice people don't look at, talk about, or use lavatories. The lavatories are located in out-of-the-way corners, where rapes and assaults are most likely to happen. Good work, boys.

    5. CLASSICAL GREECE AND ROME.

    Res Ipsa Loquitur.

    Latin: the thing speaks for itself.
    In a lawsuit, this is a situation so obvious that it does not require a $500/hour plaintiff's expert witness to explain the situation to a jury of ordinary citizens.
    For example: a surgeon who removes the right leg, when the left leg was intended.

    I am lying.

    An example of the Paradox of Self-Reference.
    If the speaker is telling the truth, then he is lying. If the speaker is lying, then he is telling the truth.
    Other forms of this paradox:
    The set of all sets.
    The barber shaves everyone who doesn't shave himself.
    All Cretians are liars (stated by Epimenides the Cretan).
    Titus 1:12-13.
    KJV: One of themselves, even a prophet of their own, said, The Cretians are always liars, evid beasts, slow bellies. This witness is true.
    Latin: Dixit quidam ex illis proprius ipsorum propheta: Cretenses semper mendaces, malae bestiae, ventres pigri. Testimonium hoc verum est.
    St. Paul apparently did not understand that Epimenides, from whom he copied this statement, was stating a philosophical paradox, not making an assertion about his virtue.


    Eureka!

    Greek: I have found it!
    Uttered by Archimedes, Third Century B. C. E. Ancient Greek mathematician, when he discovered the physics principle of displacement in a fluid, while relaxing in the public baths. Archimedes ran through town, yelling Eureka! Eureka!
    Also, the state motto of California. Refers to the paradise found by settlers to this state in the 19th century, up to today.

    Don't disturb my circles.

    Uttered by Archimedes, Third Century B. C. E. Ancient Greek mathematician, when asked to respond to questioning by a Roman soldier. Archimedes was deep in thought, and did not wish to be disturbed. The soldier killed Archimedes, thus ending the life of the greatest mathematician on earth until, arguably, the first-century Chinese mathematician, Sun Tse, who discovered the Chinese Remainder Theorem, or the seventh-century Indian mathematician, Brahmagupta, who worked with zero.

    Seife C.
    Zero. The Biography of a Dangerous Idea.
    London: Penguin Books. 2000.
    ISBN: 0-670-88457-X, 248 pages.
    Reviewed by Moore GW in: Neurocomputing. 2001 Jan;42(1):335.

    Arma virumque cano, Troiae qui primus ab oris,
    Italiam, fato profugus, Laviniaque venit
    littora....

    ...multum ille et terris iactatus et alto
    vi superum, saeve memorem Iunonis ob iram,
    multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet urbem,
    inferretque deos Latio; genus unde Latinum
    Albanique patres atque altae moenia Romae.
    Latin: Of arms and the man I sing, who first from the coasts of Troy, came to Italy, fugitive of fate, and to Lavinian shores.... much tossed at sea and land by supernal forces, through the wrath of cruel, vindictive Juno, and also enduring much in war, until he would found the city, and carry his gods to Latium, from whence arose the Latin race, the fathers of Alba Longa, and the tall walls of Rome.
    First lines of Virgil's Aeneid, the epic poem which describes the glorious (but mythical) founding and early history of Rome. Many of the particularly ethereal quotations from the sixth book, where Aeneas meets the oracle, Sybil, are used as mottos and aphorisms. Tow are included on the U. S. one dollar bill.
    Reference is herein made to the three stages of the growth of Rome, namely, Lavinium founded by Aeneas, Alba Longa founded by Ascanius, son of Aeneas, and Rome by Romulus and Remus, sons of Ascanius.
    Virgil.
    Eclogues. Georgics. Aeneid I-IV. Revised Edition.
    Fairclough HR, trnsl. The Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA:
    Harvard University Press.
    London: William Heinemann Ltd, 1960.

    Inde genus durum sumus experiensque laborum,
    Et documenta damus, qua simus origine nati.


    Latin: From thus our kind hard-hearted is, enduring pain and care,
    Approving that our bodies of a stony nature are.
    Sir Walter Raleigh's translation of Ovid's Metamorphosis. After the Greco-Roman mythological deluge (parallel to the story of Noah's Ark, Genesis 6-9), the surviving couple, Deucalion and Pyrrha, cast stones behind their backs, which turned into humans when the stones touched the wet ground. Deucalion's stones turned into men; Pyrrha's stones turned into women. The hard rock turned to bone; the moss turned to soft tissues.

    Hic situs est Phaethon, currus auriga paterni,
    Quem si non tenuit, magnis tamen excidit auris.

    Latin: Here lies Phaethon, driver of his father's chariot, which, though he did not hold onto it, nonetheless made a bold attempt.
    Phaethon was the son of Apollo, the Greco-Roman god of the sun, who stole the chariot that Apollo used to carry the sun across the sky each day. Phaethon's inexperience caused him to careen up and down, creating havoc. Apollo finally had to shoot him down, and he burnt up and died. This phrase, Phaethon's epitaph, praises the young man's bold effort, even though it was unsuccessful.

    This is another example in Ovid's Metamorphoses, where a person is given a wish (Phaethon's wish to drive his father's chariot), and he/she makes a poor choice. Other example: Midas.

    Quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentis.

    Latin: Whatever it is, I fear the Greeks, though they be bearing gifts. (Aeneid 2:49)
    The prophetic words of Laocoon, in the second book of Vergil's Aeneid, before he was gobbled up by a sea serpent, sent by Poseidon. Laocoon warned the Trojans not to open up the city gates to the Trojan horse, in which was hidden the Greek army. This is one of many prophetic statements made in Greco-Roman mythology which was ignored, to the eventual regret of the incredulous listeners. Cassandra was the quintessential unbelieved prophet of doom.

    Meter of Virgil's Aeneid.

    This book contains the chapter about the meter of Virgil's Aeneid. The computer program successfully scanned 95% of hexameters, by recognizing the usual conventions for long and short vowels, as well as elisions, such as "-que" before a vowel. In 3-4% of sentences, more than one scansion was proposed by the computer program, and in 1-2% of sentences, the scansion was abandoned by the computer program, and it was determined that Virgil had not obeyed the rules. In about 5% of lines with an equivocal scansion, it was determined that the equivocal vowel-weight (such as a first-declension nominative (short) versus ablative (long)) had to be determined from the semantic context.

    Analyses of Homer's Odyssey and Aristotle's Nicomachean and Eudemean Ethics and Plato's Seventh Letter and Apology are also discussed in this book. An early analysis of 440 lines from Homer's Odyssey found eight false scansions, but manual analysis of these lines revealed that there were special semantic circumstances that allowed the usual scansion rules to be RELAXED.

    According to a retired professor of mathematics, a naturalized Greek-American citizen, a similar finding was found in the works of Aeschylus, regarded as the greatest of all Greek poets. Again, in lines with false scansions, there were special semantic circumstances, such as exclamations of great joy or horror, that allowed the usual scansion rules to be relaxed.

    Hockey S.
    A Guide to Computer Applications in the Humanities.
    Chapter 8. Sound Patterns. pp.168-188.
    Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Univ Press. 1980.
    ISBN 0-8018-2891-0, 248 pages.
    Cited: Ott W. Metrical Analysis of Latin Hexameter by Computer. Revue 4:7-24, 1966.
    Cited: Greenberg NA. Scansion Purement Automatique de l'Hexamère Dactylique. Revue 1967;3:1-25.

    6. EUROPE.



    I found myself in the middle of my life in a dark woods.

    Opening lines of Dante's DIVINE COMEDY. The lament of many of us in middle age, or in male or female menopause.

    Cogito, ergo sum.

    Latin: I think, therefore I am.
    Rene Descartes, French philosopher.
    French: Je pense, donc je suis.


    Het Achterhuis.

    Dutch: The rear annex.
    This is Anne Frank's Diary of a Young Girl. Written during the Nazi occupation of The Netherlands, while she and her family were hidden in the rear annex of a house in Amsterdam. The house is now a museum of international religious tolerance.
    This is the best-selling book ever written originally in the Dutch language.

    AvrupalIlas,tIrIlamIyanlardansInIz.

    Turkish: You are one of those who cannot be Europeanized.
    A demonstration that in the Turkish language, prepositions, relative pronouns, and auxiliary verbs are attached to the main word (Avrupa=Europe) by AGGLOMERATION.
    I represents the Turkish dotless-i.
    s, represents s-cedilla.
    Yes, Turkey is a part of Europe, the part west of the Hellespont, called Thrace.

    5. GERMANY.



    Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaftskapitaen.

    German: Danube steam shipping line company captain.
    A demonstration that in the German language, compound nouns are run together by AGGLOMERATION. As one of my German colleagues pointed out, this agglomeration can continue indefinitely. If this captain dies and leaves behind a wife, this this wife becomes a Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaftskapitaenswitwe, that is, a Danube steam shipping line company captain's widow. If this widow receives a pension, then this pension is a Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaftskapitaenswitwenrente, that is, a Danube steam shipping line company captain's widow's pension, and so on indefinitely.

    No dictionary is ever complete.

    Attributed to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 19th century German writer.

    Ich habe, ach, Philosophie, Medizin,...

    German: I have, ah, Philosophy, Medicine,...
    The first line of Faust Part I, by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Faust was a perpetual student, who had studied nearly everything, but sought even more knowledge. He sold his soul to the devil upon his death, in exchange for a life of knowledge and romantic adventure. Faust is said to have descended to the underworld in Stauffen, a city in southwest Germany. There is a nice tourist area there, memorializing Faust.

    The next great war will start
    over some damn fool thing in the Balkans.

    Attributed to Otto von Bismarck, 19th century German "iron chancellor" (Eisenkanzler).
    World War I started after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Serbia, in 1914. The Austro-Hungarian Empire delivered a list of insulting demands to the Serbian government, which the Serbians accepted, all except one, which would have destroyed their national sovereignty. The Russians backed the Serbs, and nations lined up, one-by-one, on one side or the other.

    The making of sausage and politics
    should not be witnessed by their consumers.

    Attributed to Otto von Bismarck, 19th century German "iron chancellor" (Eisenkanzler).
    Never written down, but I have seen the following on the internet: Wer weiss wie Wurst und Politik gemacht wird, kann nicht mehr gut schlafen. (One who knows how sausage and politics are made can no longer sleep well.)

    The next great war will be fought
    over some damn fool thing in the Balkans.

    Attributed to Otto von Bismarck, 19th century German "iron chancellor" (Eisenkanzler). Prophetic words, since Bismarck died in 1899, and World War I (the Great War, until World War II superseded it) was touched off by the assassination of Archduke (Großherzog) Franz Ferdinand, in 1914, in Sarajevo, Serbia. Words quoted in the British Parliament.....

    Der Herrgott wuerfelt nicht.

    German: The Lord God does not play dice.
    Attributed to Albert Einstein, German-Swiss-American physicist and Nobel prize winner in 1919. This is the ultimate statement of deterministic physics. It is paraphrased from a letter to Max Born, another Nobelist in physics, in "The Quotable Einstein".
    In his later years, Einstein grew increasinly out-of-touch with modern developments in physics, in part because he failed to accept (probabilistic) quantum mechanics, for almost theological reasons. At the end of his career, Einstein's main contribution to physics was that of an extremely intelligent advocate for the wrong point-of-view in physics, who served to sharpen the arguments in the field of quantum mechanics.
    Clark R.
    Einstein. The Life and Times.
    New York: Alfred A Knopf.

    Ein' feste Burg ist unser Gott.

    German: A mighty fortress is our God.
    Martin Luther, 16th century religious reformer who began the Protestant Reformation. This is the first line of the flagship hymn of the Lutheran church. 
     Ein' feste   Burg   ist unser  Gott. 
  A  mighty fortress  is  our   God.
  C   C-C    G-A-B   C-B   A     G
    The major contribution of Luther to Christian theology was to liberate believers from the authoritarian grip of the (in places, corrupt) Roman Catholic hierarchy.
    At the end of his life, Luther became disenchanted with Jews, whom he figured would join Luther's anti-Catholic movement. The final pamphlets that Luther wrote were viciously anti-Semitic, and can be viewed at the Anne Frank museum in Amsterdam.

    Als Gregor Samsa eines Morgens
    aus unruhigen Traeumen erwachte,
    fand er sich in einem ungeheuren Ungeziefer verwandet.

    German: When Gregor Samsa awakened one morning out of unquiet dreams, he found himself transformed into an enormous vermin.
    First line of Franz Kafka's Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis). This classic short-story has a theme of alienation at numerous levels. The story's alienation is that of Gregor Samsa being cast out of his family, as an object of repulsion. Kafka was a Czech Jew, originally growing up in a rural area, whose family came to Christian Prague, in the early 20th century, in the shadow of Adolf Hitler. Kafka was pressured by his father to pursue a career in law, but instead became an existential writer, entirely in the German language. Kafka had a failed courtship, and died in his early thirties from tuberculosis. Many of his literary works (Das Schloss=The Castle, Das Urteil=The Judgment) reflect his pervasive despair.
    There has been a spirited scholarly discussion on the biological species of the enormous vermin, variously a cockroach, a dung beetle, etc.

    Kafka F.
    Die Verwandlung. [The Metamorphosis.]

    ISBN , pages.

    Opening Line: Als Gregor Samsa eines Morgens aus unruhigen Traeumen erwachte, fand er sich in einem ungeheuren Ungeziefer verwandelt.
    German: When Gregor Samsa awakened one morning from restless dreams, he found himself transformed into a giant vermin.
    Gregor Samsa, the protagonist, is transformed/metamorphosed into a giant bug of undetermined

    A worthy existential successor to Ovid's classic of a similar name. The similar name is misleading: scholars tell us that Verwandlung also refers to the change-of-scenes in a theater production. In any event, none of Ovid's characters changed from a human into a repulsive bug.

    Believe it or not, there has been a lively scholarly inquiry into the species of this bug. Cockroach and dung-beetle (Mistkaefer) are two candidates, but these species do not fit Kafka's rather detailed description of the bug's morphology.

    The story's alienation is that of Gregor Samsa being cast out of his family, as an object of repulsion. Kafka was a Czech Jew, originally growing up in a rural area, whose family came to Christian Prague, in the early 20th century, in the shadow of Adolf Hitler. Kafka was pressured by his father to pursue a career in law, but instead became an existential writer, entirely in the German language. Kafka had a failed courtship, and died in his early thirties from tuberculosis. His home, where he wrote many of his greatest works, is a shrine maintained in the old city, and part of the

    Arbeit Macht Frei.

    German: Work makes you free. Ironic inscription on the entrance gate to Auschwitz, described in Elie Wiesel's NIGHT, p. xxx. A repulsive lie, offering hope to the hopeless.

    Wiesel E.
    Night.
    Trnsl. by Rodway S. New York: Bantam Books. 1960;:.
    ISBN 0-553-27253-5, 109 pages.

    Martin Niemoller, Lutheran minister in Hitler Germany.

    Quote from Martin Niemoller, Lutheran minister in Germany during the Hitler era:
    In Germany they first came for the Communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics, and I didn't speak up because I was a Protestant. Then they came for me--and by that time no one was left to speak up.

    Cliffs Notes on Elie Wiesel's Night.
    Riess M.
    New York: Wiley Publishing Inc. 2000;:.
    ISBN 0-8220-0893-9, 71 pages.
    Page 67.

    6. GREAT BRITAIN.



    Too little, too late.

    Attributed to Winston Churchill, 20th century British Prime Minister.
    An early description of the slow, measured response of the United States to British participation in World War II, which began in Britain in September, 1939, and didn't start in the USA until December, 1945, after the surprise bombing of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

    There are lies, damn lies, and statistics.

    Attributed to Benjamin Disraeli, 19th century British Prime Minister.
    Conservative Prime Minister of Britain during the Victorian era. The British invented statistics, and remain world masters in this area of mathematics.

    Better wrong with the sun
    than right with the Pope.

    An English saying describing why the Gregorian calendar, commissioned by Pope Gregory the Great in the late 16th century, was abhorred by anti-Catholic England, until the mid-18th century, by which time the old Julian calendar had slipped eleven days ahead of the actual, solar calendar. When the calendar change took place in England, there were riots in London because renters were charged a full month's rent for a month that had lost eleven days. Even today, the religious calendar of the Orthodox Greek faith employs the Julian calendar.

    During this period in Britain, 1558 through 1829, any practice of the Roman Catholic religion, public or private, was a capital crime, i.e., punishable by death.
    http://www.cin.org/twelvday.html
    The popular Christmas song, the Twelve Days of Christmas, was actually a hidden mnemonic for various Catholic doctrines (two turtle-doves=two Testaments; four calling birds=four Gospels, etc.).

    In the old Julian calendar, promulgated during the era of Julius Caesar, every fourth year is a leap year, with an extra day inserted as February 29. In the Gregorian calendar, every year divisible without remainder by 400 is NOT a leap year. The solar calendar still gets a few fraction-of-seconds out-of-alignment each year, but this is only noticed and correct by astrophysics laboratories.

    Amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas.

    Latin: Plato is my friend, but truth is more my friend.
    Attributed to Aristotle (in Greek), which expresses his respect for his teacher, Plato, but his greater honor to truth. It sounds a lot like: I'd rather be right than President, attributed to ..., who was neither.

    Si quaeris amoenam paeninsulam, circumspice.

    Latin: If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look around you.
    State motto of Michigan. Michigan consists of two beautiful peninsulas.

    In the beginning was the word,
    and the ward was with God,
    and the ward was God.

    First line of the Christian Gospel according to St. John. Establishes the importance of God's word (the scriptures), and how Jesus came into the world to make this word into flesh (incarnation),

    Respondeat cybernator.

    Latin: The pilot must answer.
    Legal principle that the person in charge is responsible for the errors of his employees. In legal medicine, this traditionally meant that the surgeon was responsible for errors made by nurses and consultants, such as pathologists. As lawyers have sought to target nurses' and consultants' salaries, this thin veil of immunity has disappeared in modern times.

    Philosophia Bioai Kybernator.

    Greek: Philosophy, the pilot of life.
    Motto of the Phi Beta Kappa undergraduate honors fraternity.

    Methuselah lived for 969 years.

    Genesis. Some scholars think that Methuselah actually lived for 969 years; others believe that this number is symbolic of a numerology of respect for ancient patriarchs, which is studied in the mediaeval Jewish Kabbala.

    Zero.

    Arguably the most important number in all of mathematics. Discovered by the ancient Babylonians, and carried to Greece and India through the conquests of Alexander the Great in the third century B. C. E. Ancient Greek mathematicians abhorred zero, but the concept fell on fertile soil in India, in the seventh century C. E., in the hands of mathematician Brahmagupta, and others.

    Seife C.
    Zero. The Biography of a Dangerous Idea.
    London: Penguin Books. 2000.
    ISBN: 0-670-88457-X, 248 pages.
    Reviewed by Moore GW in: Neurocomputing. 2001 Jan;42(1):335.

    Small Integers:
    The U. S. Federal Reserve.

    In the olden days (the 1950s), when computer memory was very expensive,

    Hippasus of Metapontum.

    Sixth Century BCE Greek, member of the society of Pythagoras, executed for betraying the then-secret fact that some numbers, such as square-root-of-two and pi, were irrational, i.e., not the quotient of two integers.

    Seife C.
    Zero. The Biography of a Dangerous Idea.
    London: Penguin Books. 2000;;1.
    ISBN: 0-670-88457-X, 248 pages.
    Reviewed by Moore GW in: Neurocomputing. 2001 Jan;42(1):335.

    Zerodivide.

    "Zero hit the USS Yorktown like a torpedo.

    "On September 21, 1997, while cruising off the coast of Virginia, the billion-dollar missile cruiser shuddered to a halt. Yorktown was dead in the water....

    "When the Yorktown's computer system tried to divide by zero, 80,000 horsepower instantly became worthless...."

    Quoted from:

    Seife C.
    Zero. The Biography of a Dangerous Idea.
    London: Penguin Books. 2000;;1.
    ISBN: 0-670-88457-X, 248 pages.
    Reviewed by Moore GW in: Neurocomputing. 2001 Jan;42(1):335.

    Mechanical Calculators.
    Zerodivide.

    Those of us over fifty years old remember the old mechanical calculators, such brands as FRIDEN and MONROE, whose cogs and gears would grind away every time they performed difficult calculations. When you tried to divide a number by zero, or divide a large number by a very small number, the calculator would sit there and grind forever, until you cut off the power.

    Seife C.
    Zero. The Biography of a Dangerous Idea.
    London: Penguin Books. 2000.
    ISBN: 0-670-88457-X, 248 pages.
    Reviewed by Moore GW in: Neurocomputing. 2001 Jan;42(1):335.

    Calculus.

    Latin: stone.
    In mathematics, any method of computation. The meaning of the word is based upon the use of stones for computations, particularly on the abacus. A specialized calculus, known as differential and integral calculus, invented by Newton and Leibniz in the seventeenth century, is used to approximate the slopes of curves and the areas underneath curves.
    In medicine, a stone in a body organ, such as a gallstone, a kidney stone, or a urinary bladder stone.

    Least Squares.

    A method of estimation in statistics, introduced by Gauss, but which Gauss always attributed to a mathematical colleague.

    Statistics.



    Probability.



    Pascal's Wager.

    17th century Swiss philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal's bet that he should worship God, based upon probabilistic reasoning. If the chance that God exists were fifty-fifty; and the rewards for serving Him are infinite (eternal life, etc.); but the penalty for serving a non-existent God are only the slight expense and bother of attending services each week. Then the cost of serving non-God is far less than the penalty for ignoring God.

    You can't win,
    you can't break even,
    and you can't start over.

    The Three Laws of Thermodynamics, paraphrased in ordinary language.
    1. You can't win. First Law of Thermodynamics: Conservation of Energy.

    2. You can't break even. Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy strives toward a maximum.

    3. You can't start over. Third Law of Thermodynamics: There is no return to absolute zero.


    Pyrrhic victory.

    An empty military victory. Pyrrhus was a Roman general who won a great battle, but only at a great loss of life to his army. Some anti-war activists believe that every war yields only Pyrrhic victories.

    Ab urbe condita.

    Latin: From the founding of the city, 753 B.C.E.
    Paraphrased: from the founding of Rome. In classical Roman texts, Rome is often referred to simply as THE CITY. Many arrogant New York Citians refer to their city in the same manner.

    E pluribus unum.

    Latin: Out of many, one.
    Motto of the United States of America. Severely tested in the U. S. Civil War.

    Vivat regina.

    Latin: Long live the Queen.
    Used in formal British music played during the Queen's coronation, and other national celebrations.

    Peccavimus.

    Latin: We have sinned.
    The single-word telegram from a victorious British general in India in the 1870s, back to headquarters in London. The general had just conquered Sindh, a northwest Indian province. The pun is:
    We have Sindh.


    Veni, Vidi, Vici.

    Latin: I came, I saw, I conquered.
    The three-word communication from a victorious Julius Caesar.

    Gallia omnis in tres partes est divisa.

    Latin: All Gaul (France) is divided into three parts.
    First Line of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars.

    Sic semper tyrannis.

    Latin: Thus always to tyrants.
    Words spoken by John Wilkes Booth, as he assassinated Abraham Lincoln. Booth viewed Lincoln as a tyrant, who had conquered Virginia, his native state.

    Mao Zedong 10,000 years live.

    Literal translation of the Chinese phrase that means: Long Live Mao Zedong. Chinese documents written during Mao's era, even scientific and medical journals, have this phrase prominently displayed.

    Ars gratia artis.

    Latin: Art for the sake of art.


    E.R.II.R.D.G.D.F.
    Elizabetha Regina Secunda,
    Dei Gratia, Defensor Fidei.

    Latin: Elizabeth II, Queen, by the Grace of God, Defender of the Faith.


    Komitet Garsudostvennoi Bezopasnosti (KGB).

    Russian: Comittee for State Security.
    The much-feared and hated Soviet secret police.

    Soyuz Sovyetskaya Sotsialistika Republik.

    Russian: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).


    Stasi: Staatsicherheit.

    German: State Security.
    The notorious state police of the cold war era German Democratic Republic (East Germany).

    Gestapo: Geheimstaatspolizei.

    German: State Secret Police
    The dreaded secret police during the Hitler era (1933-1945) in Germany, who would knock on one's door in the middle of the night, and send citizens to the death camps without trial.

    Wiesel E.
    Night.
    Trnsl. by Rodway S.
    New York: Bantam Books. 1960;:.


    Apparatschik.

    Party functionary. An insulting term applied to members of the Communist party apparatus, who had no real function in society other than to rationalize the incomprehensible behavior of the party to supposedly meaningful explanations.

    Zampolit.

    Russian: Political officer.
    Every American or West European who visited the cold war Soviet Union or its satellites will remember that every time a Soviet worker came in contact with a westerner, that worker was accompanied by another person, or witness, who seemed to do nothing. The purpose of that person was to make certain that only politically correct ideas were being thought or stated. For example, I was on a tour bus in East Berlin in 1963, two years after the Berlin Wall was erected. An American passenger asked the East German guide why the Berlin Wall was built. She glanced over at her Zampolit, and stated: to keep the West German fascists from overrunning the East German socialist paradise. The Americans laughed.

    The concept of Zampolit was popularized in Tom Clancy's book, Hunt for Red October, and in the movie starring Sean Connery as the Lithuanian admiral, and ... as the zampolit.

    Clancy T.
    Hunt for Red October.


    Semper fidelis.

    Latin: Always faithful.
    The motto of the U. S. Marines, sometimes shortened to Semper Fi.

    GmbH: Gesellschaft mit beschraenkter Haftung.

    German: Corporation with limited liability.
    Rougly equivalent to Inc. for corporations in Germany.

    VEB: Volks Eigener Betrieb.

    German: Peoples' own business.
    The communist myth that, somehow, the people owned all the businesses in East Germany.

    Dr. rer. Nat.: Doctor rerum Naturae.

    Latin: Doctor of the Nature of Things.
    A natural science doctorate, popular in Europe, roughly equivalent to a PhD.

    Tuebor.

    Latin: I shall guard.
    On the Michigan state seal.

    Vita tuta, via trita.

    Latin: The guarded or safe life is the well-worn life.
    On the floor of the Medical Research Building of Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit. In the decade that I worked there, I always puzzled over this aphorism, because it seems to say that if you want to live well and safely, you should take the well-worn pathway. This seemed to be a contradiction of the goals of research. But turn it around: if you want to live a life of intellectual adventure, then you must take some risks.

    Mea culpa.

    Latin: My fault. In modern slang: My bad.


    Manus manum lavat.

    Latin: The hand washes the hand. Or: One hand washes the other.


    Lupus lupum cognoscit, fur furem.

    Latin: A wolf knows a wolf, and a thief knows a thief.


    Vestis virum facit.

    Latin: Clothes make the man.
    Doctrine of the garment industry.

    Equal goes it loose.

    Attributed to Heinrich Luebke, Minister-President of West Germany in the 1960s, who was famous for his public gaffes. This statement was made to Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II, as the lights began to dim before a ballet performance in London. It was a literal translation of the German: Gleich geht es los. The idiomatic translation is more like: It's just about to start. Refer to U. S. President John F. Kennedy's Ich Bin Ein Berliner speech.

    Was ist los?

    German: What's happening (literally: What is loose?)
    A more idiomatic American translation: What's shakin', baby?

    Et ego dico tibi quia Tu es Petrus,
    et super hanc petram, aedificabo meam ecclesiam.

    Et portae inferi non praevalebunt adversum eam.
    Et tibi dabo claves regni caelorum.
    Et quodcumque ligaveris super terram, erit ligatum in caelis.
    Et quodcumque solveris super terram, eris solutum in caelis.

    KJV: And I say also unto thee, that thou art Peter,
    and upon this rock I will build my church;
    and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.
    And I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven:
    and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven;
    and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.
    (Matt 16:18-19).
    St Peter was the first Pope. This passage in the Gospel According to St Matthew is the justification given by the Roman Catholic Church for the Papacy.
    That is, the Pope is the Vicar of Christ. Whatever the Pope says on earth, shall be bound in heaven, etc. This statement is also a justification for the infallibility of the Pope in ex cathedra pronouncements, i.e., statements made upon the seat of St Peter.
    These words, in Latin and Greek, are written in two-meter high black letters against a gold background on the western wall of St Peter's Basilica, the home church of the Roman Catholic faith.

    Die Energie der Welt is konstant.
    Die Entropie der Welt strebt einem Maximum zu.

    German: The energy of the universe is constant.
    The entropy [heat] of the universe approaches a maximum.
    Famous statement of the first two Laws of Thermodynamics, stated by Clausius, 19th century German physicist. The statement about entropy underlies the physical-philosophical pessimism about the so-called heat-death of the universe. However, if it happens, it won't be any time soon.

    Nicht Karzinom, aber besser heraus.

    German: Not carcinoma, but better removed.


    The most common cause of primary epistaxis
    is the right index finger.

    The second-most common cause of primary epistaxis is the left index finger.
    Epistaxis is the technical term for nosebleed. Primary epistaxis is epistaxis without a prior known pathologic process. Causes of secondary epistaxis include....

    Speak softly, but carry a big stick.

    U. S. Pres. Theodore Roosevelt.

    I know that everyone must die someday,
    but I had hoped that God would make an exception in my case.

    The late writer William Saroyan.

    Facilis descensus Averno...sed revocare gradum,
    superasque evadere ad auris, hoc opus, hic labor est.

    Latin: Easy is the descent to hell... but to recall one's steps, and to walk back into the airs, this is the work, this is the labor.
    From Virgil's Aeneid, Book VI.


    Annuit coeptis.

    Latin: He nods (kindly) upon our beginnings.
    From Virgil's Aeneid, Book VI.
    Printed on the back of the U. S. One Dollar Bill.

    Novus ordo seclorum.

    Latin: New Order of the Ages.
    From Virgil's Aeneid, Book VI.
    Printed on the back of the U. S. One Dollar Bill.
    Echoes the statement by U. S. Pres. George Bush (father), to describe the world at the end of the Cold War: New world order.

    In saecula saeculorum.

    Latin: In ages of ages. Or: Forever and ever.
    Last line of the Protestant Lord's Prayer.

    Liver.



    Heart.



    Lungs.



    Kidneys.



    Bladder.



    Pancreas.

    Greek: All flesh.


    Brain.



    Skin.



    A thousand ages in Thy sight are like an evening gone.



    Magna Carta.

    Latin: Great Charter.
    Signed on June 15, 1215, in Runnymede meadow by King John of England.

    Gung ho.

    Chinese: All good.
    The Chinese ideogram for GOOD puts together the ideogram for WOMAN and the ideogram for CHILD, a mother holding her baby.

    Ming.

    Chinese: Bright.
    The Chinese ideogram for BRIGHT puts together the ideogram for SUN and the ideogram for MOON.
    The MING DYNASTY (15th-18th centuries) was, in some minds, the bright or golden age of Chinese history.

    Chinese zodiac. Rat,....

    An old Chinese insult: You are one of those with no animal on the zodiac.

    SINGLE LETTER ROMANIZATION.



    Hebrew alphabet.

    aleph, beth, gimel, daleth, he, waw, zayin, het, thet, yodh, koph, lamedh, mem, nun, samekh, ayin, pe, sadhe, qoph, resh, shin, taw.

    There is no standard spelling in English for the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. I have used the spelling in Psalm 119 of the Anglican/Episcopal Book of Common Prayer.

    HEBREW ALPHABET.
    SINGLE LETTER ROMANIZATION.

    a=aleph, b=beth, g=gimel, d=daleth, h=he, w=waw, z=zayin, j=het, f=teth, y=yodh, k=kaph, l=lamedh, m=mem, n=nun, s=samekh, u=ayin, p=pe, c=sadhe, q=qoph, r=resh, x=shin, t=taw.

    The Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters, which must map into the 26-letter Roman alphabet. The Hebrew alphabet has 3 s's (samekh, sadhe, shin), 3 k's (het, kaph, qoph), 2 t's (thet, taw), and 2 h's (he, het). Therefore, there is no absolutely intuitive single letter Romanization for Hebrew. The above single letter Romanization has five unintuitive assignments: w=waw, j=het, f=teth, c=sadhe, x=shin. All the other assignments are obvious.

    Four leftovers: e, i, o, v.

    Greek alphabet.

    alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta,
    eta, theta, iota, kappa, lambda, mu,
    nu, xi, omicron, pi, rho, sigma,
    tau, upsilon, phi, chi, psi, omega.

    SINGLE LETTER ROMANIZATION: a=alpha, b=beta, g=gamma, d=delta, e=epsilon, z=zeta,
    y=eta, h=theta, i=iota, k=kappa, l=lambda, m=mu,
    n=nu, x=xi, o=omicron, pi, rho, sigma,
    t=tau, u=upsilon, f=phi, c=chi, q=psi, o=omega. The Greek alphabet has 24 letters, which must map into the 26-letter Roman alphabet.

    Two leftovers: j, v.

    Five pillars of Islam.

    1. There is no God but Allah, and Mohammed is his last and greatest prophet.

    2. Daily prayer, five times per day.

    3. Alms for the poor.

    4. Ramadan, the month of fasting. Fasting must continue during the sunlit hours, but when the sun goes down, it is permissible to eat. In some Muslim households, sundown is the time for feasting and celebration. Exceptions can be made for health or health-related work. However, a devout Muslim who breaks the fast during daylight must compensate for it by giving additional alms to the poor.

    5. Haj, the pilgrimage to Mecca, to be made at least once in a lifetime, for every Muslim who can afford to.

    Positive Powers of Ten:


    Tera=1,000,000,000,000.
    Giga=1,000,000,000.
    Mega=1,000,000.
    Myria=10,000.
    Kilo=1000.
    Hecto=100.
    Deka=10.

    Negative Powers of Ten:


    Atto=1/1,000,000,000,000,000,000.
    Femto=1/1,000,000,000,000,000.
    Pico=1/1,000,000,000,000.
    Nano=1/1,000,000,000.
    Micro=1/1,000,000.
    Milli=1/1000.
    Centi=1/100.
    Deci=1/10.

    In hoc signo vinces.

    Latin: In this sign, you shall conquer.
    The words that Emperor Constantine heard in the sky in 323 AD, along with an image of a cross, indicating that he would win an important military battle if he fought in the name of Christianity. Constantine won, and made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. Two years later, the Council of Nicaea convened and set up the first Christian bureaucracy, complete with documents, mission statements, and a building program.

    Excelsior.

    Latin: Higher! Upward! Onward!
    The motto of the State of New York.

    Ad astra per aspera.

    Latin: From hard times, to the stars.


    Placebo.

    Latin: I shall please.
    In medicine, a placebo is an inert medication, such as a sugar pill, which has no scientific effect, but which the patient believes to be effective.

    Comedo. Zit.



    Shalom.

    Hebrew: Peace. Also: Hello. Goodbye.
    Shin-Lamedh-Waw-Mem.

    Ex libris.

    Latin: From the books of. From the library of.

    Pascal's Wager.

    Regarding the existence of God. This is the first use of the cost/benefit ratio

    Tratado de Tordesillas. 1504.

    The treaty of Tordesillas. Signed by Pope ... in 1504. A line divides South America into WEST, belonging to Portugal, and EAST, belonging to Spain. As a result, Brazil speaks Portuguese, and the other countries of South America speak Spanish.

    O Brave New World,
    that hath such people in it.

    Miranda. Tempest. Shakespeare's last play.

    All that glisters is not gold.

    Often have ye this been told.
    Many a man his life hath sold, but mine outside to behold.

    Dost thou think because thou art virtuous,

    there shall be no more cakes and ale?

    The quality of mercy is not strained,

    It falleth as the gentle rain upon the place beneath.

    Sweet are the uses of adversity,

    which, like the toad, ugly and venomous,
    bears yet a precious jewel in its head.
    And this our life, exempt from public haunt,
    Finds sermons in stone, books in running brooks,
    and good in everything.     Shakespeare. Twelfth Night.


    Quo vadis?

    Latin: Where are you going? (John 13:36).


    Success is counted sweetest

    by those who ne'er succeed
    To comprehend a nectar requires the sorest need....
    Emily Dickinson, 19th century poet.

    Rolls Royce of Lectures.


    Well oiled. Barely audible.
    And seems to run on forever.

    Pathologists name diseases after food.

    Sugar-cake spleen.
    Strawberry gallbladder.
    Berry aneurysm.
    Caseous necrosis.
    What do you think that a pathologist is thinking about when he/she is performing an autopsy?

    Absalom, Absalom, O my son Absalom,
    Would that I might have died for thee.


    David's lament, after the death of this son, which David effectively brought about himself.

    Capital Cities for Continents.


    North America: New York.
    Europe: Frankfurt.
    Africa: Johannesburg.
    Asia: Tokyo.
    Australia: Canberra.
    South America: Miami!

    Radio Yerevan.

    Yerevan is the capital of the former Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. Radio Yerevan is a sort of advice columnist, like Ann Landers or Dear Abby, of socialist political reality. In the same style as A Bintel Brief. Radio Yerevan jokes were extremely popular in West Germany (and East Germany) in the 1960s and 1960s, and were meant to apply to the shabby living conditions in East Germany. Actually, the East Germans were the most affluent of all the Soviet satellites, but they were also the most miserable, because they could see how well their cousins across the Iron Curtain were living.

    A Radio Yerevan joke has a stereotypic format. One asks a question about the difference between communism and capitalism. The answer always begins with: In principle, yes. Then, the details of the response completely deconstruct the sense of the affirmative answer.

    Sample Radio Yerevan joke: Is there a difference between capitalism and communism?
    Radio Yerevan responds: In principle, yes. In capitalism, man exploits man. In communism, it's the reverse.

    Sample Radio Yerevan joke: Is it true that there is freedom of speech in the Soviet Union the same as there is the USA?
    Radio Yerevan responds: In principle, yes. In the USA, you can stand in front of the Washington Monument in Washington, DC, and yell, Down With Reagan!, and you will not be punished. In the Soviet Union, you can stand in Red Square in Moscow and yell, Down With Reagan!, and you will not be punished.

    Sample Radio Yerevan joke: Is it true that Communist General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev won 100,000 rubles [in those days, about $130,000] at the gaming tables in Yalta [a fashionable resort in southern Ukraine for high-level communist bosses]?
    Radio Yerevan responds: In principle, yes. But it wasn't Leonid Brezhnev, but rather Ivan Brezhnev, and unemployed school teacher. It wasn't in Yalta, but rather in Gorky [a shabby suburb of Moscow]. It wasn't 100,000 rubles, but rather 10 rubles. And Comrade Brezhnev didn't win 10 rubles, he lost them.

    Sample Radio Yerevan joke: Is there a difference between a communist diplomat and a communist economist?
    Radio Yerevan responds: In principle, yes, but the difference is small. A communist diplomat is trained to conceal his thoughts, whereas a communist economist is trained to conceal his absence of thought.

    Schiff M.
    Radio Eriwan Antwortet. [German: Radio Yerevan Responds.] Mit Illustrationen von Steiger I.
    Frankfurt a. M., Germany: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. 1969;:.
    ISBN 3-436-01535-0, 122 pages.
    Mr Schiff and Mr Steiger were both raised in Czechoslovakia, where they had first-hand exposure to everyday communist life.

    Metzker I.
    A Bintel Brief. Sixty years of Letters from the Lower East Side to the Jewish Daily Forward.
    Fwd and Notes by Golden H. New York: Ballantine Books. 1971;:.
    ISBN 345-02903-8-125, 216 pages.


    Fermat's Last Theorem.



    Gaming.

    The term preferred by the gambling industry to describe their enterprise. The term emphasizes the entertainment aspects of gambling, and does not have the taste of exploitation and immorality that gambling connotes. It has been repeatedly shown in state-sponsored gambling, such as the Maryland State Lottery, that

    Goedel's Proof.



    Generalized Continuum Hypothesis.



    Axiom of Choice.



    Zorn's Lemma.



    Least Squares.



    Gauss.



    Archimedes.



    Newton.



    Leibniz.



    George Bernard Shaw: ghoti.



    George Bernard Shaw: Will you sleep with me for one million pounds?



    Pres. John F. Kennedy speaks German:
    Ich bin ein Berliner.

    German (literally): I am a Berliner.
    German (slang): I am a jelly-doughnut.
    Stated to the citizens of Berlin in U. S. President John F. Kennedy's famous speech on ...., 1961, in West Berlin. Leading up to this historic statement, Kennedy also said:
    I am an American.
    Civis Romanus sum. Latin: I am a Roman citizen.
    Whatever non-German speechwriter put these words, into Kennedy's mouth in this famous 1961 speech, apparently did not vet this speech first with a real German. BERLINER is also the idiomatic word for jelly doughnut. A German goes into a bakery, and orders Berliners, Linzers, Salzburgers, etc.
    No matter. The Berliners loved it, and rewarded Kennedy with tumultuous applause. Germans are, in general, very generous (grosszuegig) with foreigners who attempt but slightly abuse their language, especially important foreigners, like Kennedy.

    Arbeiter der Welt, vereinigt Euch!

    German: Workers of the world, unite! Final sentence of Karl Marx's COMMUNIST MANIFESTO.

    Occam's Razor.

    Entia praeter necessitatem non sunt multiplicanda.
    Latin: Entities should not be multiplied beyond necessity.
    That is, the simplest explanation is best. Stated by William of Ockham, a 13th century English cleric and philosopher (Occam is his Latin name).

    Veto.

    Latin: I forbid. A single vote that can overpower a majority vote.

    Nolo contendere.

    Latin: I do not fight it. An implicit admission of guilt, while not explicitly stating that one is guilty. This is the plea that the late Vice President Spiro T. Agnew offered when he was accused of corruption as a Baltimore County Executive.

    Seife C.
    Zero. The Biography of a Dangerous Idea.
    London: Penguin Books. 2000.
    ISBN: 0-670-88457-X, 248 pages.
    Reviewed by Moore GW in: Neurocomputing. 2001 Jan;42(1):335.

    Habeas corpus.

    Latin: You must have the body. A requirement in legal proceedings that you must have sufficient evidence (body) to hold a prisoner, a Sixth Amendment right guaranteed to all U. S. citizens. Abraham Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus in Maryland during the U. S. Civil War, because Maryland was a slave state, and there were too many Southern sympathizers there. Lincoln is still reviled by some old Marylanders for this action.

    De gustibus non est disputandum.

    Latin: There is no disputing about tastes.

    Chacon a son gout.

    French: Each to his own taste.
    From Johann Strauss's opera, Die Fledermaus (The Bat). Essentially the same idea as in the previous quote from Juvenal.

    Dulce et decorum est, mori pro patria.

    Latin: It is sweet and fitting to die for one's country. (Horace, classical Roman poet).
    I do not share this particular sentiment with Horace. Horace was a classical Roman poet, living a life of relative ease, while Roman soldiers and slaves were out there giving their lives for the greater glory of Rome. It is one thing to die for your country if necessary; but there is nothing sweet about it.

    Nos morituri, te salutamus.

    Latin: We who are about to die salute you.
    This is the ironic salute given to the Roman Emperor before gladiators (swordsmen) fight to the death in the arena. It is difficult to believe that enslaved persons who were forced to be gladiators before the Emperor felt like saluting him prior to their likely deaths. This quote is heard in the Oscar-winning movie, SPARTACUS, starring Kirk Douglas, Tony Curtis, and Jean Simmons.

    Zero-sum game.



    Why are the Jews successful
    at medicine, law, and teaching?

    "Illiteracy is not a big problem with our people."

    The Reader. Bernard....

    Blech B.
    The Complete Idiot's Guide to Jewish History and Culture.
    New York: Alpha Books. A Division of Macmillan General Reference. A Simon & Schuster Macmillan Company. 1999;:.
    ISBN 0-02862711-3, 406 pages.

    Why are the Jews successful at business?

    Leviticus 19:13.
    Foundations. Plato's Ideals. Hilbert's Formalism. Brouwer's Intuitionism. Quasi-emperical mathematics. "Gödel was the last, great Platonist."

    Schneier B.
    Applied Cryptography, Second Edition. Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C.
    New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1996;:249-250.
    ISBN 0-471-12845-7, 758 pages.

    Why is Kosher food nearly bloodless?

    Leviticus 17.

    Do the Jews drink the blood of Christians?

    A reprehensible but common belief among ignorant Christians during the middle ages, promoted by Christian leadership during periods of officially condoned Anti-Semitism. All the more unbelievable if one considers the preparation of Kosher food (q.v.).
    Amazingly, this belief continues today.
    See: Baltimore Sun, issue on the 60th anniversary of Israel, 1998. Leviticus ch 17.

    Do you need a Hebrew font?



    Pres. Jimmy Carter speaks Polish.



    Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower's Two Big Mistakes.

    When asked, at the end of his term, whether he had made any mistakes, Eisenhower said, Yes, Two. And both of them are sitting on the Supreme Court. Eisenhower was referring to Justices Warren O. Douglas and William S. Brennan, who were much more liberal on the court than their previous judicial experience had suggested to Eisenhower.

    The devil's abortion rate is 75%.

    About 75% of conceptuses do not reach term, without human intervention.
    These include 33% of implantation sites which shed within the first six weeks after the last menstrual period, and thus are not noticed as miscarriages, but are interpreted as irregular menses. This fact has been determined from microscopic studies of menses in sexually active women in childbearing years.
    Approximately 17% of miscarriages occur within the first trimester of pregnancy after six weeks, when the fetus can be observed macroscopically.
    Approximately 25% of miscarriages occur in the second and third trimesters.

    Einstein's most important function in his later years

    was to provoke high-level intellectual debate about quantum mechanics. Einstein was a determinist. Einstein was wrong, but the level of his argumentation sharpened the arguments of the quantum mechanics school.

    Mortui vivos docent.

    Latin: The dead teach the living. The purpose of autopsies is to make human life and medicine more understandable.

    Nicht Karzinom, aber besser heraus.

    German: Not carcinoma, but better removed.

    Winston Churchill/Sir Alexander Fleming.

    A charming story that I was told by a colleague, who could not tell me the source. This is one of those stories which, if it is not true, then it should be.
    Sir Alexander as a young, bright Scottish adolescent, and a good swimmer, could not afford a medical education. He was staying near a lake where Winston Churchill was swimming. Churchill was drowning, and yelled for help. Alexander saved him. The Churchill family, who were well-to-do, sponsored Alexander's medical education, out of gratitude.
    Many years later, during World War II, after Sir Alexander had discovered penicillin and when CHurchill was Prime Minister of Great Britain, Churchill became ill again, with pneumonia. Sir Alexander saved his life again, this time with penicillin.
    If anybody knows a citation for this story, please send it to me at:
    gwmoore@erols.com


    Story of Penicilin.

    Discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928. Despite his tireless promotion, the large drug companies did not undertake the necessary research and development for commercialization until World War II, in the early 1940s.

    Winston Churchill, Nobelist in Literature.



    Rule Britannia.
    God must be an Englishman.

    I grew up in Detroit in the 1950s, which was virtually a border town of the British Empire. Canada was our southern neighbor. (Yes, the Detroit river flows westward on Detroit's southern border!) Parades were held annually down Detroit's main street, Woodward Avenue, on Queen VIctoria's birthday, late in May. The Essex and Kent Scottish, dressed in Scottish kilts, began marching in Windsor, Ontario, Canada, and ended up a few miles North, in Detroit's Anglican Cathedral Church of St. Paul. I heard a lot of talk in those days about the inherent greatness of the British.

    Trojan Horse - in a computer system.

    You know the story of the Trojan Horse. In a computer system, this is a secret location in a computer's memory which stores information put there by an uninvited and unwelcome outsider, or HACKER, which aids the outsider in re-entering the computer again.

    Burn patient: I was the gorilla.

    I have always been a big person (6'4", 280 pounds; 193 cm, 127 kg). When I was a fourth year medical student at a charity hospital in Detroit, we had a burn patient who had severe burns, after being caught in a fire in a dilapidated hotel (so-called flophouse, where poor people lived). Burn patients typically get hypoxic (oxygen hunger), due to smoke inhalation, and become combative. Since I was a big boy, I was called to help restrain the patient, so that he could be treated. His subsequent life was short and tragic. The first problem with burn patients is fluid management, since much of their skin is injured. A good acute care hospital manages this problem very well. The second problem is bacterial infection, since the open wounds become infected. This was managed with antibiotics. But then, after several weeks, the patient developed a deep fungal infection, for which there are no good antibiotics, and the available antibiotics are kidney-toxic. The patient expired.

    Artificial Intelligence versus Neurocomputing.



    Perl.



    Soundex.



    MUMPS.

    Persistent objects. Successor function. Implicit sorting.

    The history of VA File Manager.



    PACS. Picture Archiving Computer System.



    DICOM Standard.



    UMLS Category Zero.



    Wein nach Bier, das rat' ich Dir
    Bier nach Wein, lass' es sein.



    Twinkle, twinkle little star (TTLS)
    is not copyrighted.


    Mozart wrote ... on TTLS in the 18th century, when they did not have copyrights. Anyhow, the copyright would have run out by now.

    Mickey Mouse is copyrighted.

    The influential lobbyists at Walt Disney Productions have made sure of this, and the Supreme Court has backed them up. Mickey Mouse stays copyrighted until 100 years after Walt Disney's death.

    Copyright ©. Fair use.

    11. ASIA.



    12. JAPAN.



    Japanese Script.

    Extremely complicated, consisting of three Chinese-style alphabets, and during the past century, effectively incorporating the Roman alphabet as well.

    Prof. Reischauer, who spent his life studying Japanese culture, states that the Japanese language would have been better served if it had been geographically close to and had borrowed from the Romans, since Latin is a polysyllabic, highly-inflected language like Japanese. It's too late now!

    Reischauer EO.
    The Japanese.
    Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 1977;:.
    ISBN 0-674-4718-4, 443, pages.

    Japanese Syllabary.

    To the tune of twinkle, twinkle little star.
    a i u e o-hayo
    ka ki ku ke ko-nichiwa....


    Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
    Japan vs. Korea.

    A man of humble origins, son of a fisherman, who united Japan in the late 16th century under a military dictatorship, and led a successful invasion of the Korean peninsula, which ended with Hideyoshi's death. Hideyoshi's son was unable to sustain his father's leadership, and Korea was abandoned by the Japanese invaders.

    A popular name for Japanese boys, but a name reviled in Korea.

    Reischauer EO.
    The Japanese.
    Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 1977;:.
    ISBN 0-674-4718-4, 443, pages.

    Lee K-B.
    A New History of Korea.
    Trnsl: Wagner EW, Shultz EJ.
    Cambridge, MA: Harvard-Yenching Institute for Harvard University Press. 1984;209-215:.
    ISBN 0-674-61575-X, 474 pages.

    Kamikaze.

    Japanese: Divine Wind. Name given to the wind storm which destroyed the Mongolian Navy in 1210 A.D., and thus prevented a land invasion of Japan. Japan was untouched by foreign invaders until 1945, the end of World War II, when they were occupied by Allied Forces.

    This name was given to suicide aircraft, piloted by Japanese Samurai warriors under the Bushido code of honor, in which Japanese men were expected to die in defense of their country. Kamikaze aircraft were flown into U. S. aircraft carriers during World War II, but were relatively ineffective in destroying U. S. hardware.

    Ichi shite, ya shite, hikkakite,

    Mata shite, ru shite, hiyomi no tori.
    Japanese: One and .... calendar bird.
    The components of the Japanese Kanji (Chinese) ideogram for PHYSICIAN. This is a nursery rhyme learned by Japanese school children, who are learning how to write this ideogram.

    Japanese politeness. Possibly.

    It is almost impolite for a Japanese to say NO (iiye). A friend of mine arrived at a bus stop soon after the bus had been scheduled to depart. Japanese mass transit is famous for its punctuality. In despair, my friend asked a bystander whether the bus had already left. The bystander, reluctant to be impolite, said: "Possibly the bus has left." Of course, the bus had already left.

    Japanese politeness. Iiye.

    Work late. Bad weather.

    Japanese politeness. Hai.



    Japanese verbs.

    Present, past, conditional.

    Japanese politeness. Your wife. My wife.

    Your royal-wife. My pig-wife.

    Two Populations.

    This method for dissecting a sample histogram into two populations arose from discussions with Dr. Stephen D. Koch, my botany teacher in 1967, when I was an undergraduate at the University of Michigan.
    http://www.medparse.com/isapver2.htm


    Church attire.
    Dress well versus Come as you are.

    Dress well for God.
    VERSUS:
    Don't not come because you aren't dressed perfectly.

    Baucis et Philemon....

    A pious, humble old couple, described in Ovid's Metamorphoses, who hosted Apollo and Mercury in disguise, who had been spurned at the tables of richer persons living in the area. The area was flooded as a punishment (see also, Deucalion and Pyrrha), and only Baucis et Philemon were spared. They were granted a single wish, which was to die together. After a long life of reverence and piety, the couple turned into a lemon and linden tree, intertwined. This is one of the few examples in which persons who were granted a wish by the gods actually made a good choice. Examples of bad choices: Phaethon; Midas.

    Pyramus et Thisbe, altera pulcherrima alter....

    Latin: Pyramus et Thisbe, she the most beautiful of maidens, he the handsomest of youths.... The Romeo and Juliet story. Other examples: Romeo und Julia auf dem Dorfe. West Side Story.

    Nomina Anatomica.



    Politically correct alcohol.



    Politically correct xylene.



    The alcohol budget.

    According to legend, in a prestigious east-coast American medical school long ago

    Albert Einstein.

    Clark R. Einstein. The Life and Times. New York: Alfred A Knopf.

    Frege's Tragedy.

    A whiff of tragedy. Ein Hauch der Tragik.


    Clark R.
    Bertrand Russell. The Life and Times.
    New York: Alfred A Knopf.


    Stegmueller W.
    ABC der Logik.



    You need a pathologist far less
    than a garbage collector.



    Irish potato famine of 1848

    caused by British taxation.

    Wake up and smell the roses / coffee / formalin.



    Heine Borel Theorem / Proof

    Theory of wild animal hunting. Field and Stream magazine.

    Zipf's Law.



    Ethics in Medicine.

    Ethics in Medicine.
    1. Belief in God.
    2. Belief in mankind.


    Love in Evolution.



    Hamilton's Altruism paper for evolution.



    13. CHINA.



    CHIN Dynasty.

    Third century B.C.E. Unification of all China from its component provinces. Emperor Chin (the only member of the Chin dynasty) was a brutal but visionary emperor, who unified the country politically, monetarily, and in the writing system. Unfortunately, as part of his reforms, he burned all books from the previous eras. It was a capital crime to own an old book. Alas, the entire previous literary, philosophical, and mystical history of China was lost in this action.

    First Han Dynasty.



    Second Han Dynasty.



    Tang Dynasty.

    Time in which the Chinese writing system of ideograms was transferred to Japan.

    Song Dynasty.



    Ming Dynasty.



    CHINESE ZODIAC.

    The Chinese Zodiac, like the Babylonian Zodiac, is a system of twelve concepts, which govern social life. Concepts in the Chinese Zodiac govern the entire Chinese writing system, which originated over six thousand years ago, and has been in continuous use up to the present day. These zodiac creatures are keyed to the time-of-day and to the lunar calendar. Year 2003 A.D. is year 4701 in the Chineze Zodiac.
    http://www.erols.com/gwmoore/billchzo.htm

    CREATURES OF THE CHINESE ZODIAC.


          1. rat;~
          2. cow;
          3. tiger;
          4. rabbit;
          5. dragon;
          6. snake;
          7. horse;
          8. sheep;
          9. monkey;
          10. bird;
          11. dog;
          12. boar;

    YEARS OF THE CHINESE ZODIAC.


          1. rat; 1960; 1972; 1984; 1996; 2008.
          2. cow; 1961; 1973; 1985; 1997; 2009.
          3. tiger; 1962; 1974; 1986; 1998; 2010.
          4. rabbit; 1963; 1975; 1987; 1999; 2011.
          5. dragon; 1964; 1976; 1988; 2000; 2012.
          6. snake; 1965; 1977; 1989; 2001; 2013.
          7. horse; 1966; 1978; 1990; 2002; 2014.
          8. sheep; 1967; 1979; 1991; 2003; 2015.
          9. monkey; 1968; 1980; 1992; 2004; 2016.
          10. bird; 1969; 1981; 1993; 2005; 2017.
          11. dog; 1970; 1982; 1994; 2006; 2018.
          12. boar; 1971; 1983; 1995; 2007; 2019.

    HOURS OF THE CHINESE ZODIAC.



    1. rat; 11 PM - 1 AM. Beginning of life. Child. Only the RAT is active at this hour.

    2. cow; 1-3 AM. Farmer checks the COW's rope, to keep it from pulling loose, if the cow is frightened by the tiger.

    3. tiger; 3-5 AM. TIGER is the first animal prowling for prey. People who rise this early have a growling mood.

    4. rabbit; 5-7 AM. At sunrise, farmers rush to market with their vegetables, as fast as the RABBIT.

    5. dragon; 7-9 AM. The daily market appears, then disappears, like the DRAGON.

    6. snake; 9-11 AM.

    Farmers return from market. At home, their profits go into a money-pot that is guarded by a SNAKE.

    7. horse; 11 AM - 1 PM. People gather for the noon meal, while the farmer's HORSE gets a rest.

    8. sheep; 1-3 PM. Government bureaucrats stop work and gather like SHEEP for the afternoon meal.

    9. monkey; 3-5 PM. After food and wine, the government bureaucrats tell jokes and MONKEY around.

    10. bird; 5-7 PM. As the glowing sun sets in the western sky, government bureaucrats go home, just like the BIRD flying back to its nest.

    11. dog; 7-9 PM. Once everyone is home, a guard DOG is set loose in the housing compound, to protect the houses.

    12. boar; 9-11 PM. Time for conceiving babies. Men behave like a wild BOAR.

    Female Infanticide.

    Allegedly a common practice up to early twentieth century in China, and by some accounts, still practiced in remote rural areas. In traditional Chinese society, male children were much more valued than female children. The high-tech version of this practice involves amniocentesis and elective abortion of female fetuses.

    Buck PS.
    The Good Earth.
    New York: Washington Square Press. 1931;:.
    ISBN 0-671-50437-1, 260.

    0. NOTES.




    Professor Adon Alden John Michael Gordus.

    Professor of Chemistry at University of Michigan, 1960s. He had four uncles, and he was named after them all (who could choose?).

    Sir Zachary Cope, British surgeon.

    At a lecture given circa 1979 at The Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH), the young surgeon giving the lecture kept talking about Dr. Cope, Dr. Cope, Dr. Cope,.... Finally, he said, I guess I should call him Mr. Cope, since British surgeons are addressed as Mister. In exasperation, Prof. Heptinstall, British-born and educated Baxley Professor of Pathology at JHH, stood up and informed the speaker that Dr. Cope had been knighted, and the proper reference to him was: SIR ZACHARY.

    Cope Z.
    Diagnosis of the Acute Abdomen.

    A classic surgical text, concise yet very informative, a must-read.

    Veritas.

    Latin: The truth. Motto of Harvard University.

    Veritas Vos Liberabit. Latin: The truth shall set you free. Chiseled into some building (I forget which one) in Washington, DC. KJV: John 8:3? Ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall set you free. Motto of Johns Hopkins University, which brings KNOWLEDGE TO THE WORLD.



    A Central Theorem of Pathology:

    all decisions can be made Markovianly, i.e., on a one-at-a-time pushdown list. $#! is sufficient to support such a system.

    A Central Theorem of Pathology:

    Pathology Logic is a pushdown list.

    A Central Theorem of Pathology:

    Risk/benefit defines the pathology pushdown list.

    Mathematical induction: Hurray!



    Near-death vision:

    Perhaps from God, perhaps from cerebral ischemia.

    Trouble with non-religious deism:

    not rich enough in belief or guidelines for worship, prayer, etc. Good with non-religious deism: no excess spiritual baggage;

    Single letter Romanization: Hilbert's Hotel.



    Lexicographic ordering: Only English has it.

    Dutch almost, German almost. French, Spanish, etc., NEED it.

    Non-Polynomial Complete.

    Computational Complexity.

    The frontier of mathematics is new applications.

    Dissect the reasoning process in quasi-mathematical fields or other, somewhat alien fields of study (like biomedicine), in order to understand their reasoning processes.

    Dissect the reasoning process, to find breaches in the reasoning highway.



    Pathologists love lists.

    They are not the only ones. Haber. Df Dx in Surg Path.

    Certain findings rearrange the order of the dfdx lists in pathology.

    Some findings lead to DENIAL of a particular diagnosis, i.e., give the diagnosis a proby of zero, or throw it off the list.

    Unemployment in mathematics.

    In the 1980s, I interviewed two mathematicians PhDs from Harvard, who had abandoned mathematics and acquired an MD degree, and were seeking a pathology residency. They are both now prominent, practicing pathologists.

    Relational Biology:

    AJ Bartholomay. That paper in Bull Math Biophys was a classic, a forerunner of all the applications of set theory in biomedicine.

    Smart ESL speakers have an advantage:

    they can detect ambiguities or confusing statements that EFL speakers don't notice. Computer translation has the same strength/weakness. EFL=English-as-a-second-language. ESL=English-as-a-first-language.

    In the days of expensive computer resources,

    whole conferences would be held on how to save, say, 2% of CPU computing cycles. Nowadays, CPU cycles flash away as word processor users sit before their consoles, typing notes such as these.

    Seductive questions in mathematics.

    Four color map problem.
    Fermat's Last Theorem.
    Goedel's Proof.
    Hilbert's Tenth Problem.
    Generalized Continuum Hypothesis.
    ... Conjecture (see Singh's book on Fermat's last thm).
    Axiom of Choice.

    Benjamin Franklin: the certainty of Death and Taxes.

    Analogous to Berkson's Paradox: If you die of one thing, you won't die of another. Cancer versus Atherosclerosis.

    Tuskeegee Syphilis Experiments.

    Nazism in the USA. A very dark chapter in our history.

    Patrons/supporters are as important as the intellectuals themselves.


    Maecenas ==> Virgil.
    Max Brod ==> Franz Kafka.
    Editor of French math journal ==> Evariste Galois.

    Cultivation of the merit-elite versus the ancestor-elite.

    Chasing the mentally retarded for deep truths is a waste of time.

    No brag, just fact:

    Politeness versus showing off.

    17th century mathematicians

    knew a lot about fluxions (derivatives) and quadratures (integrals), but it fell to Newton and Leibniz to demonstrate that the two were inverse operations of one another.

    You already know it's true,

    you just have to show the reasoning process.

    The pathway of reasoning is protected by the fence of consistency.

    The fence of consistency protects the pathway of reasoning. Ralph Waldo Emerson: A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of small minds.

    Foolishness of grade-grubbing.

    My letter to the editor of the Michigan Daily, 1964. I quoted my gradepoint average at the time as 3.7500000000. My point was the ridiculousness of calculating gradepoint to ridiculous accuracy, since gradepoint is an inherently coarse measurement tool. However, the letter was interpreted by my classmates as showing off. I should have quoted a gradepoint of 3.14159265358979323846 (B average), or better yet, a gradepoint of 2.71828182859045, since that is only a C+ average. Then I would not be accused of showing off, and the intelligent science/math students would get the joke.

    Dr. Bis**** teaching style in mathematics:

    list the facts, then place them in order. I never watched Dr. Bis**** teach; this comes by reputation only.

    If I like it, then others will probably like it also (Dr. H******).



    Theory: Impose an order on the facts.

    The test: whether the order is consistent.

    Hoeren Sie mal.....auf!

    Separable verb prefix in German. Nehmen Sie mal ....... Platz! Burn the house .......down (German style). Burn down the house (French/Latin style). German roots: cow, sheep, swine. (in the fields). French roots: beef, mutton, pork. (on the dining table).

    I lost confidence in my ability to persuade others. I was right!

    I never lost confidence in my ability to be right.

    Often wrong, but never in doubt.



    Pathology Axiom:asymmetric, uncertainty, effort, demand.

    Asymmetry based upon risk/benefit analysis.

    Pascal's Wager.

    The ultimate risk/benefit analysis.

    Pursuit is more interesting than the capture.

    I never subscribed to this particular idea.

    Pathology Theorem: if you attempt a procedure once,
    why not attempt it again?



    Pathology Theorem: All the people that didn't take the examination, but could have, would have scored lower.



    Venezuelan Indians (per Dr. Abad) numbering system:

    1, 2, 3, ..., 6, more. All the wives/cows/etc that you need.

    List management on pushdown list: 0, 1, 2, more... is this enough?



    On a pushdown list, all you need to do is look at the next one. cf. Markov chain.



    Use #!$ to determine which list to examine next.



    Leading substring functions and automated sort in MUMPS.



    Pretty-print must ALWAYS be clear from context.



    Theory searches for connection and meaning
    in an otherwise hopeless jumble of facts.



    Evolution, Randomness, Natural Selection.

    God made them all. It's a shame that the opponents in the evolution debate don't understand this. Nothing much has changed since the Scopes Monkey Trial in Tennessee, 1931.

    Each to his own kind.

    Genesis 1:xxx "Kinds" were foreseen in the Mind of God. Did they evolve? Were they all there at once?

    Why generalize in Medicine?

    Most diagnostic knowledge is experiential, not theoretical. To avoid the same mistake twice. E.g., oncocytoma; nodular tenosenovitis; atypical fibroxanthoma; Spitz nevus.

    Zipf's Theorem:
    common things should be components of rare things.



    Twelve Days of Christmas: Numerology in Catholicism.

    1. A partridge and a pear tree: God and Jesus. 2. Two turtledoves: Old and New Testament.

    Canonical form for Pathol res: NPNPNPNP....



    Single Letter Romanization.

    Greek: 24 letters. Single Letter Romanization possible. Hebrew: 22 letters. Single Letter Romanization possible.

    Berkson's Paradox.



    Tetragrammaton. YHWH: yodh-he-waw-he.



    Homographs:

    polish, Polish. unionized, unionized.

    Homophones:

    hour, our, Auer. To, too, two. In Michigan: Mary, merry, marry.

    Roster vs Raster.



    Pretty-Print name.



    Yogi Berra:

    Baseball => 50% physical, 40% mental, 20% luck.

    2000 US Presidental election:

    Bush won, Gore won, Tie won.

    Chain of command.

    Authoritarian vs Democratic. Authoritarian vs Totalitarian. Secretary Jean M.... during the Reagan Administration.

    Diaeresis=Umlaut.



    Lexicographic ordering: only in English.

    Requires a single-letter Romanization.

    Goedelization of Pathology Diagnoses: NPNPNPNPN..



    Alexandre Dumas:

    It is said of Alexandre Dumas that he wrote more than he read. Near the end of his career as a writer, Alexandre Dumas was so successful that he hired a team of writers to produce literature bearing his authorship. It is not clear the Alexandre Dumas read everything produced by his team.

    Dicitur Homerum caecum esse.

    Latin: It is said that Homer was blind. Literally: It is said, Homer to be blind. The use of the COMPLEMENTIZER (QUIA=THAT) disappeared in Roman literature published during the Classical Era, namely, 100 BC - 200 AD, but resurfaced in Late Latin. Saint Jerome (Sanctus Hieronymus), translator of the Vulgate Bible, loved it. It is much easier for English speakers to understand. With the complementizer, the sentence in Latin would read: Dicitur quia Homerus erat caecus.

    How was Latin pronounced in Classical Rome?

    The evidence used is misspellings on graffiti, found in Pompey and other locations.

    How was Hebrew pronounced in ancient Israel?

    The evidence used is the internal logic in Hebrew poetry, such as the Psalms of David. This is not a bad idea. The same method is used to infer long syllables in Classical Latin, based upon the rules of scansion in Latin poetry, which was written in dactylic hexameter (long-short-short, six times). The same method could be used, say, to understand that PERCED (pierced) has two syllables in this phrase from the Prologue to Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, written 1386-1389, in iambic pentameter (short-long, five times),
    THE DROUGHT OF MARCHE HATH PERCED TO THE ROTE.


    Tort: Napoleonic law. 4 parts.

    Perp, victim, damage, proximal cause.

    Tel msg: 4 parts:

    caller, date/time, subject, how-to-reach.

    SP report or tel message.



    Vox populi, Vox Dei.

    Latin: The Voice of the People [is the] Voice of God.

    NCCLS format: title, principle of the test, specimen required,...author effective date.



    Mathematical Maturity.



    Civilization=intelligence=writing=imagine oneself in a different place/time. L. A. Brown.



    Theorems in Pathology: Combination Rules for !#$.



    Philosophy: Use/Name? versus Mention.

    Surg Path Rpt: Dx vs Comment. Know vs Speculate.

    Pathology Informatics:
    What for?

    What is the point of Pathology Informatics? Why is there a need to have an academic discipline/subspecialty in pathology devoted to the organization of information, a function that is ordinarily relegated to a good secretary or administrative assistant?

    1. Pathology informatics is being overtaken by non-pathologists. Formerly, pathology informatics consisted of 3x5" filecard files and Kodachrome collections, squirreled away in the back offices of packrat pathologists; and large books of paper pathology reports on bookshelves in the pathology office. Computers have taken over many of the indexing functions in pathology, and often not very well. Furthermore, pathologists are now supplicants for their own information, who must go begging to information technology (IT) specialists in order to recover reports that, previously, could be taken off a bookshelf. Pathologists have an obligation to themselves and to their profession to learn enough about IT to demand control of their informatics destiny.

    2. Anatomic pathology is more than reading slides, and pathology informatics is more than indexing pathology reports. Pathologists are trained medical professionals, who understand the gross and microscopic appearances and natural histories of thousands of diseases, and who know how to find out about tens of thousands diseases, as necessary.

    Pathology informatics is the academic discipline that collects the information produced by pathologists, and organizes it according to our understanding of etiology, pathogenesis, and manifestations of disease. We already have a head-start: pathology diagnoses are currently organized by organ, pathologic process (inflammation, degeneration, dysplasia, neoplasia, etc.), and embryology (teratoma, mesothelioma, hamartoma, etc.). Pathology informatics classifications should reflect the same natural groupings, and the people who best know how to do this are pathologists, not bureaucrats. Unfortunately, the facile use databases, spreadsheets, and word-processors has seduced pathology informaticians into viewing these tools as the building blocks of pathology informatics. As long as we live and think this way, we justly deserve the scorn of our colleagues, who claim that pathology informatics is intellectually bankrupt, and we are nothing more than glorified secretaries.

    Willis. The Borderland of Embryology and Pathology.

    Arminius.

    German hero of the wars against Rome. Hermann=Arminius. Germany=Germania=land of Arminius.

    Deutschland=people's country.



    Lymph node: reactive, lymphoma (sp stains), RS cells.



    Theorem of Pathology Tables:

    X is a COHERENT DIAGNOSIS if it can be diagnosed with high probability/certainty. (=low certainty number.

    Effort (!), Demand (#), Certainty ($).

    Mnemonic: !=I have made the effort! #=demand, pound on the table. $=certainty, put your money on it.

    SP can be regarded as a mini- or targeted autopsy.



    Pathology knowledge.

    Pathology knowledge is organized:
    etiology --> pathogenesis --> manifestation.

    Diagnostic pathology is organized:
    manifestation --> pathogenesis --> ?etiology.

    In a pathology algorithmic table, order should be arbitrary.



    Theorem of Politeness:

    you should not dispute a colleague's diagnosis, praeter necessitatem.

    QA in AP:

    essentially a community judgment, not a measurable fact.

    Response to snow in Detroit, Baltimore.



    Token Swap Method.



    Barrier Word Method.



    Order Statistics.



    Kendall MG.
    Rank Correlation Methods.
    New York: Hafner Publishing Company. 1962;:.
    ISBN not stated, 199 pages.

    Is pathology objective or witchcraft?

    Objective, but judgments are made by persons. The best way to objectify pathology is through lists.

    Paradox of the unsuccessful procedure.

    If you needed it once, do you still need it?

    I reckon that it's not a lick amiss.

    Aunt Polly, referring to punishing Tom Sawyer for a misdeed that he didn't commit. Aunt Polly figured that if Tom got punished this time, it was for something he had already done.

    Twain M.
    Tom Sawyer.
    18xx.

    The saddest words of tongue or pen,
    are these, my dear, it might have been.

    John Greenleaf Whitter, 19th century American poet.

    Eating: We do it 3x a day, why not enjoy it?

    Eating: fellowship; what everyone can do, regardless of age, intelligence, fitness. Sacred to the ancient Greeks. When Paris stole Helen, it was the ultimate injury, and launched the Trojan war.

    Alle Kunst, ist umsunst,
    wenn der Engel, auf'm Zundloch brunst.

    German: All technique is in vain, when the angel pisses on your musket.
    Last slide in a presentation made at The Johns Hopkins Medical School Sophomore Pathology Course, by Dr. Rudolf Breitnecker, Austrian-born Maryland forensic pathologist, in ?1977. It means: if a criminal is very clever, or there is some unexpected, random event, then all scientific methods may fail.

    Multiple choice questions.

    Distractors. Red Herring. Differential diagnosis.

    Things as they are; things as they should be: Cervantes.



    Eine Taube macht nicht den Frieden.

    German: One dove does not make peace. Bumper sticker on the automobile of a peace activist.
    Paraphrase of a German bar saying:
    Ein Bier ist kein Bier. German: One beer is no beer.

    Consistency in Labeling Pathology Reports:

    received; gross; microscopic.

    Thyroid Gland.

    German: Schilddruse=shield gland.
    Is it thyroid? Yes/no.
    Is it single/multiple nodule?
    Single nodule: white, stellate scar: probable papillary carcinoma.
    Single nodule: tan nodule: probable follicular neoplasm.
    Multiple nodules: probable multinodular goiter.

    Geoffrey.

    German: Gottfried=God's piece.

    Vincent.

    Latin: The Conquering One.

    Walter.

    German: Waldherr=Lord of the Woods.

    Gregory.



    Barbara.



    Michael Polanyi: Personal knowledge.

    A very influential book with me during my years in graduate school. Essentially the idea is that an knowledge is not true knowledge until it resides in the mind (and soul) of a person. That is, knowledge does not exist simply as marks on paper or as electromagnetic pulses in a computer.

    There has been a spirited discussion in the mathematics community regarding whether mathematics can exist, and a proof can really be a proof, outside the mind of a human being. There are strong arguments in either direction.

    Polanyi M.





    Kolata GB.
    Proof by computer.




    Steele and Torrie: Statistics.



    Figures don't lie, but liars can figure.



    There are lies, damn lies, and statistics.

    Attributed to Benjamin Disraeli, 19th Prime Minister of Great Britain. A remarkable statement, coming from the political leader of the country where statistics and epidemiology were born, and which continues to have one of the strongest statistics traditions in the world. Statistics is an necessary tool for a maritime nation like Britain, which must continually reckon with unpredictable risks on the high seas.

    Indexing, concordance, frustration with literary books.



    Concordance to the Bible.



    Concordance to the Dead Sea Scrolls.



    Dale Carnegie Course: How to win friends and influence people. Used by Corrie Ten Boom to influence a kindly German doctor to release one of her friends. The doctor was interested in dogs.

    Ten Boom C, with Sherrill J, Sherrill E.
    The Hiding Place. The Triumphant True Story of Corrie Ten Boom.
    New York: Bantam Books. 1971;:.
    ISBN 0-553-25669-6, 241 pages.



    Dass Di' der Teufel holt.

    German: That the devil will getcha.
    Dass Di' der is a pun on das die der, respectively, the NEUTER, FEMININE, and MASCULINE forms of the definite article, the. English grammar does not have these gender distinctions, and it is difficult for an English-as-first-language person, such as myself, to remember the gender of all those German words. I had a sadistic German professor in college, who would walk around the classroom during an examination, and make critical remarks about the students' exam papers. I still remember him looking at my paper, noticing that I was having difficulty with a noun-gender, and commenting:
    Dass Di' der Teufel holt, Herr Moore.


    May 10, 1940.
    German occupation of the Netherlands
    in World War II.



    Ten Boom C, with Sherrill J, Sherrill E.
    The Hiding Place. The Triumphant True Story of Corrie Ten Boom.
    New York: Bantam Books. 1971;:.
    ISBN 0-553-25669-6, 241 pages.

    My Dutch-born PhD advisor was of military age in 1940,

    and had just completed his first PhD, in mathematics....

    Jim Crow Genetics.

    1/8 African is black; 1/16 African is white. The plight of the octoroon. Modern-day Jim Crow aid to minorities.

    Pieces of Eight.



    Those who can, do. Those who can't, teach. George Bernard Shaw.



    Rule of Reversal in Pathology.



    Farmer enroute to Baltimore. For you, two hours!



    Time don't mean nothing to a hog.



    Rolls Royce of Lectures.

    Prof. Robert H. Heptinstall, MD. Well oiled, Barely Audible, Seems to run on forever.

    We didn't say you stole money.

    Pathology report shouldn't be so ambiguous. Ambiguity in pathology reports.

    My favorite programming language is solder.



    Listening to the radio at the Hertz Institute, Berlin, during WW2.



    Ten Boom C, with Sherrill J, Sherrill E.
    The Hiding Place. The Triumphant True Story of Corrie Ten Boom.
    New York: Bantam Books. 1971;:.
    ISBN 0-553-25669-6, 241 pages.

    Tora! Tora! Tora!

    Japanese: Tiger! Tiger! Tiger! Battle-cry of the Japanese pilots who conducted the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941.

    Tora! Tora! Tora! is a 197x movie starring Martin Landau, Jason Robards, and ... as Admiral Yamamoto.

    Words of Admiral Yamamoto, commander of the Japanese fleet December 7, 1941, after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, 1:00 EST:
    I fear that we have awakened a great, sleeping giant, and filled him with a terrible resolve.
    The Japanese declaration of war on the USA followed 55 minutes LATER, due to a clerical delay in the Japanese embassy. It was Sunday morning, and Washington, DC, was a very sleepy town in those days. The Japanese had intended to make an attack AFTER declaring war, but it turned out to occur BEFORE the declaration. Admiral Yamamoto had attended Harvard University, one of the few members of the Japanese High Command who understood Americans from first-hand experience. He realized that this surprise attack would infuriate the USA, and that we would not stop until Japan had been thoroughly defeated. Unfortunately, Admiral Yamamoto's advice was not heeded. He died several years later in the line of duty, partially as the result of messages encoded by the Navajo Code Talkers.

    Aaseng N.
    Navajo Code Talkers. America's Secret Weapon in World War II.
    Fwd by Hawthorne RO. New York: Walker & Company. 1992;:.
    ISBN 0-8027-7627-2, 114 pages.

    Vox clamantis in deserto.

    Latin: the voice of one crying in the wiilderness. Description of John the Baptist, Luke 1:xxx. Motto of Dartmouth College, New Hampshire.

    Veritas vos liberabit.

    Latin: The truth shall set you free. KJV:
    Motto of Johns Hopkins University.
    For a disgusting comparison, see: Arbeit macht frei.

    Veritas.

    Latin: Truth. KJV:
    Motto of Harvard University.


    Non ministrari, sed ministrare.

    Latin: Not to be cared for, but to care for. KJV:
    Motto of Vassar College.
    Indicating the tradition of community service among Vassar graduates.





    When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

    ...And get the heck out of Rome.

    Order Statistics.



    Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof.



    The best is the enemy of the good.



    Consistency is the hobgoblin of small minds.

    Ralph Waldo Emerson, 19th century essayist and transcendentalist.
    Consistency is also the foundation of mathematics, at least according to Goedel (q.v.).

    In mathematics, there is great precision
    but limited subject matter.



    The goal of applied mathematics

    is to widen the subject matter, without sacrificing the precision of mathematics.

    In mathematics, consistency beats completeness. at least according to Goedel (q.v.).



    Acts Chapter 29.

    Name used by a society of evangelist Christians, who believe that the miracles recounted in the ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, such as speaking in tongues, are still possible today. The Acts of the Apostles has 28 chapters, so the society's name speaks to the continuation of miracles.

    In the Roman Catholic Church, one of the Popes (Gregory the Great, I believe) declared that all Christian miracles such as in the Acts of the Apostles stopped after the fourth century A.D.

    Hermes: Greek god of Gambling.
    Mercury: Roman god of Gambling.

    Or, as the gambling industry likes to call it, GAMING, in order to conceal the taint of moral opprobrium inherent in the term, GAMBLING. The taint is well-deserved. Gambling is, by definition, immoral, because it is a zero-sum game (q.v.), that is, one person can only win if another person loses. In legalized gambling in the USA, the vendors, including government-sponsored gambling operations, are required to publish the odds of winning.

    The ignorance of the general public in regards to odds and probability is demonstrated by the enthusiasm with which people buy tickets, and even travel for hundreds of miles to buy tickets, for games such as POWERBALL, in which the prize is hundreds-of-millions of dollars, but the odds against winning are billions-to-one.

    State-sponsored gambling is bad for the state, because for every dollar that the state takes in from gambling operations, eight dollars are lost in additional social services required for problem gamblers. Furthermore, gambling is INHERENTLY REGRESSIVE TAXATION, because it takes money from the poorest citizens, and transfers it to the middle-class bureaucrats who run the state government. Rich persons don't buy lottery tickets, they gamble on the stock market, where at least some of the time, the stock investments are used to build factories and employ people.

    It is not even certain that the lives of gambling winners are greatly improved, since their names are published, and they then become lifelong victims of every crooked investment scam and bleeding-heart story offered by persons desiring a share of those winnings.

    Suetonius: Duodecim Caesares.

    Latin: The Twelve Caesars. A gossipy history of Rome, written in the sensationalist style of the New York NATIONAL ENQUIRER. Details the violence and kinky sexual proclivities of the Roman emperors, starting with Julius Caesar and ending with ... Caesar.

    Cincinnatus.
    Society of the Cincinnati.

    Cincinnatus was a Roman farmer, who served as a temporary dictator during a time of crisis in the Roman Republic. Unlike many absolute rulers that either proceeded or followed him, Cincinnatus renounced power and the end of the crisis, and returned to farming.

    The Society of the Cincinnati consisted of farmers who served in the American Revolutionary War, but returned to farming after the war was over. The city of CINCINNATI, OHIO, is named after this society.

    Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.

    A sweeping work of 18th century British scholarship. The really juicy comments are reserved for the footnotes, written in Latin.

    Gibbon EF.
    The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
    Abridgment by Low DM. Volumes 1, 2, 3. New York: Washington Square Press, Inc. 1962, 1163 pages.

    Manifest Destiny.

    A doctrine promulgated during the nineteenth century in the USA, that it was the Manifest Destiny of the USA to occupy all land from the east coast to the west coast.

    Crossing the Rubicon.
    Alea jacta est.

    Latin: The die is cast. Spoken by General Julius Caesar, when he crossed the Rubicon river with his army into Italy, from Gaul, against regulations. With this act, Caesar had broken the law, and could not turn back. The expression is used to describe an irrevocable act.

    Isaac Asimov:
    I, Robot.



    Isaac Asimov:
    Three Laws of Robotics.



    1. First Law of Robotics. You shall not harm a human, nor by your inaction, allow a human to come to harm.

    2. Second Law of Robotics. Except when it conflicts with #1, you shall always obey a human.

    3. Third Law of Robotics. Except when it conflicts with #1 and #2, you shall always preserve yourself.

    Paradoxes in
    Isaac Asimov's
    Three Laws of Robotics.



    1. When a human, on a whim, asks the robot to substantially harm itself. For example, punk teenagers who ask the robot to destroy itself. By the Second Law, the robot must comply. However, this is a substantial destruction of property for a trivial reason.

    2. In one of Asimov's later works, a professor falls in love with a very attractive, younger woman. When asked whether she is a robot, she states: NO. However, even if she were a robot, she would still be required to lie, in order not to hurt the professor's feelings, by the First Law. This same paradox may exist in many human relationships, where one partner is the social unequal of the other.

    Coventry.

    In World War II, a city in Great Britain that was bombed by the German Luftwaffe (Air Force)....

    The city where Lady Godiva rode naked through town, in order to rid the city of ..... All the upstanding townspeople closed there shutters out of deference to Lady Godiva, but a single, lecherous townsman, named Thomas, watched. Hence the expression, PEEPING TOM.

    Floaters in Pathology.



    Forensic pathology: the dead body floating to the surface in the springtime. KJV: 1. To everything there is a season, and a time to every purpose under heaven. 2. A time to be born, and a time to die. A time to plant, and a time to pluck up that which is planted. Ecclesiastes ch 3.

    Histology laboratory: Pieces of detached tissue that float in the heated waterbath, and are mounted on the wrong glass slide. These detached fragments create a lot of concern among pathologists, because you never know whether or not the tissue-fragment came from the case being examined.

    Who moved my cheese?
    Sheldon Johnson, MD.

    Why not eat up all of the cheese in Station C, before abandoning it?

    I see many different cheese stations in my workplace. Which one should I believe is about to run out?

    Don't Ask. Don't Tell. Don't Pursue.



    Do Ask. Do Tell. Do Pursue.



    Effort (!) and Demand (#) Logic.

    Demand (#) Logic: #X: You must do X.

    Effort (!) Logic: !X: I tried (!) to do X.

    Paradox of a failed procedure: If you tried the procedure once and failed, they should you try again? If so, then why did you fail? If not, then why did you attempt it the first time?

    Moore GW, Hutchins GM.
    Effort and demand logic in medical decision making.
    Metamedicine 1:277-304, 1980.

    Biomedical Data-Sharing.

    An example of what is possible in scientific studies, when scientists make their data public, so that other scientists can work with their data and draw additional conclusions.


    Liotta L.
    Lancet
    http://clinicalproteomics.steem.com/methods.php



    Susan Hockey. Virgil's Legacy. computerized study of meter.



    Hockey S.

    Japanese poiteness:
    Dr. Ishihara's American Accent.

    In general, the Japanese people are very forgiving of foreigners who make linguistic errors when attempting to speak Japanese. I am a 280 pound, 6'4" man with blond hair and blond beard, so when I was in Japan, nobody ever mistook me for a native Japanese.

    Dr. Ishihara is the pseudonym for an American-born colleague of mine, a second generation Japanese-American, or Nissei, who served in the U. S. occupation force in Japan after World War II, in part as a Japanese-to-English translator. Dr. Ishihara grew up in a Japanese-born household, and speaks accent-free Japanese, but was also educated in U.S. public schools, and speaks accent-free American English, as is typically the case with second-generation Americans. WHen Dr. Ishihara was in Japan, he was often mistaken for a native Japanese. However, since he had grown up in the USA, he had not mastered the subtleties of Japanese honorifics and expressions of politeness, and inadvertently insulted many people that he spoke to. He therefore affected an AMERICAN ACCENT when he spoke Japanese, so that Japanese people would indulge him for minor errors of politeness. American Accent.

    Ebonics, Ivorics.



    Issei.



    Nissei.



    Sansei.



    Features of Inflammation.

    Calor. Rubor. Dolor. Tumor. Functio laesa.

    Baltimore Bach Marathon.

    Quarter century tradition. St David's Church. 4700 Roland Ave

    Le/se\ Majeste/



    Plus c,a change; plus c'est la me^me chose.



    Tempora mutant, et nos mutantur in illis.



    O Tempora, O Mores. Cicero's lament. Marcus Tullius Cicero.



    Metamorphoses. Publius Ovidius Naso.



    Res: anything but thing.



    Agenda, data, media: Latin plurals.



    Omnibus.



    Naturwissenschaft. Geisteswissenschaft. Wissenschaft.



    Job should have been allowed to read the Book of Job.

    There are many explanations and rationalizations for the torments of Job. Job's arrogance for questioning God... Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth... the rivers in their courses....

    Is arrogance a sin?

    Yes, in the minds and sermons of many Christian preachers. Unfortunately, there's an inherent paradox of self-reference (q.v.). If you claim humility, then you are arrogant.....

    Clone book.



    The confused secretary.

    mixed up everything unpredictably.

    Ein Bier ist kein Bier.

    German: One beer is no beer. Paraphrase: One mouse is no mouse. Prof. Witebsky, NYU School of Medicine.

    Faxing patient records.

    confidentiality. HIPAA.

    Secure email:

    VistA yes, Microsoft(R) Outlook NO.

    I was a big autopsy guy.



    Trilingual, bilingual, American.



    George Gershwin.



    Sieve of Eratosthenes, 276-195 BCE.

    Method for generating prime numbers.

    Elizabeth I of England. 1533-1603.



    Elizabeth II of Great Britain. 1926-....



    Gregor Mendel.

    Cheated at Pea-counting. Ronald A. Fisher.

    Franz Kafka.



    Helen Lane.

    Pseudonym for the autopsy donor of HeLa cells.

    The Original Big Four
    of the Johns Hopkins Hospital.



    Howard Kelly, MD.

    Professor of gynecology.

    Sir William Osler, MD.

    Professor of medicine.

    William Welch, MD.

    Professor of pathology.

    William Halstead, MD.

    Professor of surgery.

    Alan B. Turing, arguably Great Britain's
    greatest 20th century mathematician,

    This is saying a lot in a century that produced such notable British mathematicians as Alfred North Whitehead, Bertrand Russell, Sir Andrew Wiles, Ronald A. Fisher, Karl Pearson, E. S. Pearson, William S. Gossett, Peter Tukey, Spearman, Maurice G. Kendall, Wilcoxon,

    Augustus ruled Rome,
    Livia ruled Augustus.



    E=mc2

    Einstein's famous formula.

    Tokugawa Shogunate.

    Seventeenth century until end of 19th century in Japan.

    Meiji Restoration.

    End of 19th century in Japan.

    Hirohito.

    Peace Sought. Shouwa.

    Akihito.

    Peace Achieved.

    Maurice Durufle/.

    20th century French organist and composer.

    Fatwah.

    Salmon Rushdie.

    Bela Barto/k.

    20th century Hungarian composer.

    Zoltan Kodaly.

    20th century Hungarian composer.

    Maurice Ravel.

    20th century French composer.

    O How Amiable are Thy Dwellings.

    Psalm 90.

    Prelude and Fugue in C Major (9/8). BWV 547.

    Georgeous music.

    Prelude and Fugue in D Minor. BWV 565.

    The monster song from Bach. Played by Captain Nemo in Disney Productions film version of Jules Verne's 20000 Leagues under the Sea.

    Johann Sebastian Bach. 1685-1750.

    BWV. Bachwerke Verwammelt.

    Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. 1756-1791.

    Koechel No. Amadeus=God Loves.

    Samuel Barber.

    20th century US composer. Adagio for Strings.

    Ralph Vaughn Williams.

    20th century British composer.

    Set Theory.



    Graph Theory.



    Rene Decartes.

    16th century French philosopher and mathematician. Analytic geometry unitied the worlds of Algebra and Geometry. In a stroke, Descartes doubled the number of theorems in both branches of mathematics.

    Je pense donc je suis.
    Cogito ergo sum.

    Rene Decartes. 16th century French philosopher and mathematician.

    Hyptheses non fingo.

    Sir Isaac Newton: I do not make up hypotheses. From the man who formulated the three greates hypotheses of all time in physics, namely, Newton's Three Laws of Motion.

    Suicide. Almost never a rational choice.

    It implies that one has given up all hope. Even a moribund person racked by pain may have a further purpose in this world. Who are we to anticipate God's purpose near the end of our lives?

    Silence.

    by Shusako Endo. 20th century Japanese novelist.

    Proof.



    Proof of God, Jesus.



    Student t.

    William S. Gossett.

    Coventry, England.

    Bombed by the Germans in 194..
    City wherein the legendary Lady Godiva rode naked through town. Only one person, the Peeping Tom, watched her ride.

    God's first neurosurgeon.

    Elijah. II Kings 4:8-37.

    One Hundred Years of Solitude.
    Garcia Marquez.



    Pentecostal Miracle.

    Speaking in tongues. Time for alcohol.

    Absalom.

    II Samuel 18:33.

    Sodom and Gomorrah.

    Gen ch 18-19. Abraham's bargain with God.

    Tower of Babel.

    Gen 11:1-9

    Shibboleth.

    KJV: Then they said unto him, Say now Shibboleth: and he said Sibboleth: for he could not frame to pronounce it right. Then they took him and slew him at the passages of Jordan: and there fell at that time of the Ephraimites forty and two thousand. Judges 12:6.

    Ephraimites were spies, attempting to enter the camps of the Jewish Gileadites. The Hebrew language distinguishes easily between S and SH sounds, but many languages (such as Japanese) do not, including the language of the Ephraimites. When Ephraimite spies attempted to enter the Gileadite camps, they were asked to pronounce Shibboleth, which the spies could not say correctly.

    A similar trick was used in World War II, when English-speaking spies were asked, say, how many home runs that Babe Ruth hit in his best year. Every American boy knows the answer: 60. But English-speaking non-Americans would not necessarily know, like the Ephraimite spies who could not say Shibboleth.

    A SOCIAL SHIBBOLETH is an unspoken phrase or tradition within an elite social circle, which is used to exclude persons not belonging to that circle.

    Kohlengerger JR iii, ed.
    The Concise Concordance to the New Revised Standard Version.
    Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1993;:.
    ISBN not stated, pages not numbered.

    Stephen Hawking.

    Brief History of Time.

    Enlightenment.

    18th Century C.E. Erklaerung. Lumie\re.

    Renaissance.

    Rebirth.

    Europe's Dark Ages.

    476-15th century. Traditionally dated from the fall of Rome to the.... At the same time, a flowering of culture in the Islamic world.

    Erewhon.

    Samuel Butler. Nowhere spelled backwards.

    Utopia.

    Saint Thomas More. Nowhere (Greek).

    Paradise Lost.

    John Milton. Puritan Poet. 17th century.

    Philip II Spain versus Elizabeth I.

    Defeat of the Spanish Armada. 1585.

    Samuel Langhorne Clemens.
    Mark Twain 1835-1910.



    Abraham Lincoln. 1809-1865.

    16th U. S. President.

    George Richardson Minot.

    American Harvard pathologist 1885-1950.

    Sir Isaac Newton. 1642-1727.

    Great Britain's greatest physicist and mathematician. Co-invented calculus.

    Archimedes 287-212 BCE.

    Greek mathematician.

    Pierre Athanase Larousse 1817-1975.

    Author of the French Dictionary.

    Steele and Torrie.

    Statistics.

    Karl Friedrich Gauss. 1777-1855.

    German mathematician.

    How Lovely is thy Dwelling Place,
    O Lord of Hosts.

    Wie Schoen sind Deine Wohnungen, Herr Zebatho. Johannes Brahms. 1833-1897.

    William Shakespeare.

    English playwright.

    Kamikaze.

    Japanese: Divine Wind. Describes the failed Korean invasion of Japan in the 14th century C.E.

    Alfred North Whitehead. 1861-1947.

    20th Century British philosopher and mathematician.

    Bertrand Russell. 1872-1970.

    20th Century British philosopher and mathematician.

    Laennec.

    Cirrhosis. French Physician.

    Noah Webster.

    U. S. Dictionary.

    Denis Diderot. 1713-1784.

    French encyclopedist.

    Sir Alexander Fleming. 1881-1955.

    Nobel Prize 1945. Physiology or Medicine.

    Johannes Kepler.

    Laws of Planetary Motion.

    Tycho Brahe. 1546-1601.

    Danish astronomer. Orbit of Mars.

    Anton van Leeuwenhoek. 1632-1728.

    Dutch biologist. Invented the microscope, and performed many pioneering studies in biology.

    Ralph Vaughn Williams. 1872-1958.

    20th Century British composer.

    Herrn Prof. Dr. med. Walter Sandritter. 1920-1980.

    20th Century German pathologist.

    Marcus Porcius Cato. 234-149 BCE.

    Carthago delenda est.

    Faust. 1480?-1541.

    Sixteenth century German alchemist, who spent his life searching for the philosopher's stone, which would turn lead into gold. Faust sold his soul to the devil, in exchange for complete knowledge of the mysteries of the world. Faust changed his mind at the moment of his death. Stauffen, Germany, is the place where Faust allegedly descended to Hell. It is a charming tourist location in southwest Germany, in the area of the Black Forest. Fuust is the subject of two plays by the 19th century German poet, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

    Gabriel Faure. 1845-1924.

    20th Century French composer.

    Maurice Ravel.

    French impressionist composer, early 20th century. George Gershwin visited France in the early 1930s as a student of Ravel. Gershwin was already a successful New York composer. Ravel asked Gershwin how much money he had made in the past year. Gershwin answered: $35,000, worth nearly half-a-million dollars today. Ravel, who had made less than $3,000, said: you should be the teacher.

    Ariadne's Thread.

    When Theseus wandered through the Labyrinth with other athletes from Crete, one of the clever women athletes, Ariadne, carried along a ball of string, or thread, which she unravelled as the team wandered through the Labyrinth. When it was time to re-trace their steps, Ariadne rewound her ball of string, and walked back to the entrance. Ariadne's thread is a symbol of retracing one's steps to answer a perplexing question. The Germans are quite fond of this expression, Ariadnefaden.

          Hamilton E.
    Mythology. Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes.
    1940: New York: Meridian, published by the Penguin Group.

    Daedalus. Labyrinth.



    Wily Odysseus.

    Latin: Procax Ulixes. Odysseus is the clever, or wily man WILY is an example of an EPITHET. Another epithet from Homer: the WINE-DARK SEA.

    Daedalus. Labyrinth.



    Theorem. If X, then Y.



    Contrapositive: If not-Y, then not-X.



    Stegmueller.



    Tymoczko.



    Topology: study of neighborhoods.



    Discrete Topology: study of neighborhoods.



    Indiscrete Topology.

    A topology in which T={U}.
    A pun on INDISCREET, a film starring Cary Grant and Ingrid Bergman.

    Prime Number.



    Statistics.



    Probability.



    Randomness=Ignorance.



    Chinese Remainder Theorem.

    Invented by Sun Tse, first century A.D. Chinese mathematician.

    Schneier B.
    Applied Cryptography, Second Edition. Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C.
    New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1996;:249-250.
    ISBN 0-471-12845-7, 758 pages.

    We didn't say you stole money.


    WE didn't say you stole money.
    We DIDN'T say you stole money.
    We didn't SAY you stole money.
    We didn't say YOU stole money.
    We didn't say you STOLE money.
    We didn't say you stole MONEY.

    The sentences are all homographs, but NOT homophones. Pathol rpt shouldn't be this ambiguous.

    14. BEING A CHRISTIAN.



    In the beginning,
    God created heaven and earth.

    Genesis 1:1. The first words of the Bible are: IN THE BEGINNING GOD.... God is the first thing ever, as well as first in the Bible.

    Where wast thou, when I laid the foundations of the Earth?



    Behold a Virgin shall conceive and bear a Son,
    and his name shall be called Emmanuel.

    The famous verse from Isaiah 7:14, that predicts the coming of the Messiah, and serves as the basis for the doctrine of the Virginity of St. Mary.
    Don't Know Much about the Bible.



    Original Sin.

    Doctrine introduced by St. Paul in his Epistle to the Romans, chapter 5. Amplified by St. Augustine in CITY OF GOD.

    The Virginity of Mary.

    A doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church, which seems dubious from the medical point-of-view, but in God all things are possible. As a doctrine of the spiritual purity of Saint Mary, and from what is known to us scripturally, there can be no doubt.

    Saint Cyril, Saint Methodius.

    Two Bulgarian (East European) Christian saints, who invented the Russian, or Cyrillic, alphabet. This alphabet contains elements of the Roman, Greek, and Hebrew alphabets, which represent the common sounds of Slavic languages.

    So lasset uns gehen in Salem der Freude.

    German: With joy we march onward to Zion with singing.
    One of Johann Sebastian Bach's beautiful anthems. 
      So  lasset uns gehen   in     Salem      der  Freude. 
 With  joy   we  march onward  to  Zion    with singing. 
  G     C D   E   F G    A      G A G      F G   E D C .


    Pax vobiscum.

    Latin: Peace be with you.
    A Christian prayer said after the absolution of sin.

    15. ADDENDA. 

    Disclaimer:  facts and refs unchecked.
 
Witebsky, 1952.  University of Buffalo School of Medicine.
 "One mouse is no mouse."
 Quoted by Robert H. Burger, MD, MPA.
 
William Wordsworth:
One swallow doth not a summer make.
  
German:
 Ein Bier ist kein Bier.
 
Rolls Royce of lectures.  RHHeptinstall.
  well-oiled, barely audible, seems to run on forever.
 
Enforced correspondence between specimen, gross description,
  and microscopic diagnosis.
 
Documentation of a pathology system.
 
Grandfather clause in mathe/pathology theory.  Old ideas carried forward.
 
Is word-of-mouth sufficient sufficient - yes -
   for spreading information.  Exponential.
 
 
Stalinistic dictator:  terror (like Saddam Hussein).
 
Authoritarian dictator:  like Lee Kwan Yu (Singapore).
 
Sean Connery: the crusty sailor, the baltimore seafood restaurant.
 
FP AND FN errors can yield new insights into pathogenesis,
  if you wait long enough.  Time trumps the full professor.
 
Certainty level for the least certain linkage in a chain of reasoning.
 
Your should be able to reconstruct the pathology diagram
  from the TEXT ALONE of the gross description.
 
TIPS in a pathology report.
 
Context in translation.  The Shibboleth example.
 
By the company they keep, bump up one certainty level.
 
AXIOM: $nx implies !nx.
 
Hard frozens, morpheaform BCC; melanoma/atypical nevus.
 
Internist, surgeon, pathologist in a duck blind.
 
We're all cousins:  2 parents, 4 grandparents, etc.,
  but the world population was less long ago.
 
Ovid - Getic - Mark Nelson.
 





Interface Lichenoid Dermatitis (GFK Notes).
  1.  Lupus erythematosus.
            softening of the basal layer of the epidermis.
  2.  Lichen planus.
            saw-tooth rete-pegs, multiple lesions.
  3.  Photodermatitis.
  4.  Drug reaction.
            eosinophils.  history of medications.
  5.  Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus.
            widespread lesions, little chr infl, lots of dermal fibrosis.
  6.  Poikiloderma atrophicans vasculare (precursor of MF).
            extravasation of RBCs,
  7.  Graft versus host disease.
            history of transplantation.
  8.  Lichen nitidus.
            tiny, punctate lesions
  9.  Lichenoid actinic keratosis.
            atypical basal layer of actinic keratosis.
 10.  Lichenoid benign keratosis.
            single lesion, normal basal layer of epidermis.
 11.  Secondary lues.
            plasma cells, recommend Treponemal studies.
 12.  Arthropod bite reaction.
 13.  Parapsoriasis.
 14.  Chronic progressive pigmented purpura.
 15.  Mycosis fungoides, patch stage.
            Poitrier microabscesses:
                 collections of markedly atypical mononuclear cells
                 in the epidermis.

 Pearly Papule:
    1.  Basal cell carcinoma.
    2.  Actinic keratosis.
    3.  Lichenoid actinic keratosis.
    4.  Lichenoid benign keratosis.


 Hyperkalemia:
    1.  Lysed blood in collection tube.
    2.  Iatrogenic overdose of IV-K for hypokalemia.
    3.  Hyperaldosteronism.


Surgical pathology report as a message.
    What the clinician already knows (clinical history).
    What the clinician is asking.
    What the pathologist adds to the case.

 Purpose of computerized record-keeping in pathology.
    1.  Make the record in the computer. 
    2.  Put the record in the right place, where it can be found again.


In morpheaform basal cell carcinoma,
    the surgeon cuts up to the first false negative.


 Books of the Bible to save, in order, if the sun goes supernova:
    1.  Luke.
    2.  Job.
    3.  Acts of the Apostles.
    4.  Isaiah.
    5.  John.
    6.  Genesis.
    7.  Matthew.
    8.  Exodus.
    9.  Mark.
   10.  Ecclesiastes.
   11.  Romans.
   12.  Song of Solomon.
   13.  Hebrews.
   14.  Ruth.
   15.  Corinthians.
   16.  
   17.  Revelations.
   18.  
   19.  Titus.
                 
 The wonderful world of HTML:  public; neat special characters and letters.
                  
 Satan, Mephistopheles, Mephisto.
                  
 Job: the first book of the Bible ever written,
      that tackles the most important question of religion,
      namely, when bad things happen to good people.
                      
 Jeane Kirkpatrick:  UN Ambassador, Reagan administration, 1981-1989,
       Totalitarian versus Authoritarian dictatorships:
       Totalitarian: our enemies.
       Authoritarian: our friends.
                        
 Combination rules for surgical pathology differential diagnoses.
                   
 Why must you have proofs?  To keep the consistency-fence in good repair.


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          138. Offerhaus GJA, Tersmette AC, Moore GW, Hershey J, Polacsek RA.
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          140. de la Monte SM, Hutchins GM, Moore GW.
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          155. Moore GW, Berman JJ, Hanzlick RL, Buchino JJ, Hutchins GM.
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          156. Berman JJ, Moore GW, Donnelly WH, Massey, JK, Craig B.
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          158. Berman JJ, Alonsazana, Brown L, Moore GW.
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          606. Zipf GK.
    The Psychobiology of Language.
    Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1935.

          607. Gazdar G, Mellish C.
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    Description of Bottom-up parsing.

          608. Woods WA.
    Transition network grammars for natural language analysis.
    Commun ACM. 1970;13:591-606.
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    Description of Augmented Transition Network.

          609. Box GEP, Tiao GC.
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          610. Harris Z.
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          611. Chomsky N.
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          612. Karlsson F.
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          613. Karlsson F, Voutilainen A, Anttila A.
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          614. Lesk M.
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          615. Mandelbrot BB.
    The Fractal Geometry of Nature.
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          616. Estoup JB.
    Gammes Stenographiques.
    Paris: 1916.

          617. Mandelbrot B.
    Structure formelle des textes et communication.
    Word 1954: 10:1-27.
    An early work of the fractal Mandelbrot.
    " ... bien que le formule de Zipf donne l'allure generale des courbes, elle en represente tres mal les details .... " Although Zipf's formula gives the general shape of the curves, it represents the details very badly.
    " ... lorsque Zipf essayit de representer tout par cette loi, il essayait d'habiller tout le monde avec des vetements d'une seule taille .... " when Zipf tried to represent everything with this law, he tried to dress the everybody with clothes of a single size.

          618. Zipf GK.
    Relative frequency as a determinant of phonetic change. Doctoral Thesis.
    Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 1929;40:1-95.

          619. Li W.
    References on Zipf's Law.
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          620. Tarjan RE.
    Data Structures and Network Algorithms. CBMS-NSF Regional Conference Series in Applied Mathematics.
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          621. Martindale C, Konopka AK.
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    Computer & Chemistry. 1996; 20(1):35-38.
    Yule distribution?

          622. Perline R.
    Zipf's law, the central limit theorem, and the random division of the unit interval.
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          623. Zipf GK.
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          624. Zipf GK.
    Psycho-Biology of Languages.
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    Zipf actually thought about this 10 years earlier, i.e., around 1925.

          626. Pareto V.
    Cours d'economie politique
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          627. Estoup JB.
    Gammes Stenographiques.
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          630. Mandelbrot BB.
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          632. Mandelbrot BB.
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          633. Mandelbrot BB.
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          634. Miller GA.
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          635. Mandelbrot BB.
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          636. Mandelbrot BB.
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          637. Mandelbrot BB.
    A note on a class of skew distribution function. analysis and critique of a paper by H.A. Simon.
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    ABSTRACT: This note is a discussion of H.A. Simon's model (1955) concerning the class of frequency distributions generally associated with the name of G.K. Zipf. The main purpose is to show that Simon's model is analytically circular in the case of the linguistic laws of Estoup-Zipf and Willis-Yule. Insofar as the economic law of Pareto is concerned, Simon has himself noted that his model is a particular case of that of Champernowne; this is correct, with some reservation. A simplified version of Simon's model is included.

          638. Simon HA.
    Some further notes on a class of skew distribution functions.
    Information and Control. 1960;3:80-88.
    ABSTRACT: This note takes issue with a recent criticism by Dr. B. Mandelbrot of a certain stochastic model to explain word-frequency data. Dr. Mandelbrot's principal empirical and mathematical objections to the model are shown to be unfounded. A central question is whether the basic parameter of the distributions is larger or smaller than unity. The empirical data show it is almost always very close to unity, sometimes slightly larger, sometimes smaller. Simple stochastic models can be constructed for either case, and give a special status, as a limiting case, to instances where the parameter is unity. More generally, the empirical data can be explained by two types of stochastic models as well as by models assuming efficient information coding. The three types of models are briefly characterized and compared.
    NOTE: Prof. Herbert A. Simon, Nobel Laureate in Economics, contributes frequently to the informatics literature.

          639. Mandelbrot BB.
    Final note on a class of skew distribution functions: Analysis and critique of a model due to H.A. Simon.
    Information and Control. 1961;4:198-216.
    ABSTRACT: We shall restate in detail our 1959 objections to Simon's 1955 model for the Pareto-Yule-Zipf distribution. Our objections are valid quite irrespectively of the sign of p-1, so that most of Simon's (1960) reply was irrelevant. We shall also analyze the other points brought up in that reply.

          640. Simon HA.
    Reply to 'final note' by Benoit Mandelbrot.
    Information and Control. 1961;4:217-223.
    ABSTRACT: Dr. Mandelbrot's original objection (1959) to using the Yule process to explain the phenomena of word frequencies were refuted in Simon (1960), and are now mostly abandoned. The present "reply" refutes the almost entirely new arguments introduced by Dr. Mandelbrot in his "final note", and demonstrates again the adequacy of the models in (1955).

          641. Mandelbrot BB.
    Post scriptum to 'final note'.
    Information and Control. 1961;4: 300-304.
    ABSTRACT: My criticism has not changed since I first had the privilege of commenting upon a draft of Simon (1955).

          642. Simon HA.
    Reply to Dr. Mandelbrot's post scriptum.
    Information and Control. 1961; 4: 305-308.
    ABSTRACT: Dr. Mandelbrot has proposed a new set of objections to my 1955 models of the Yule distribution. Like his earlier objections, these are invalid.
    NOTE: Dr. Mandelbrot feels that no further comment is needed, and this debate terminates herewith.

          643. Miller GA, Newman EB.
    Tests of a statistical explanation of the rank-frequency relation for words in written English.
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          644. Miller GA, Newman EB, Friedman EA.
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          645. Kucera H, Francis WN.
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          646. Wyllys RE.
    Measuring scientific prose with rank-frequency ('Zipf') curves: a new use for an old phenomenon.
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          647. Dahl H.
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          648. Rousseau R, Zhang Q.
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          649. Martindale C, Gusein-Zade SM, McKenzie D, Yu M, Borodovsky.
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          650. Balasubrahmanyan VK, Naranan S.
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          651. Naranan S, Balasubrahmanyan VK.
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          652. Li W.
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          654. Landini G.
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          659. Miller GA, Chomsky N.
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          660. Nicolis J.
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          667. Miller GA.
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          669. Gell-Mann M.
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          675. Marsili M, Zhang Y-C.
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          685. Hill BM.
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          686. Harrison JH Jr, Rainey P.
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          688. The World Wide Web Consortium. Extensible Markup Language.
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          690. Friedman C, et al.
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          691. Dolin RH.
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          692. Kahn CE Jr, de la Cruz NB.
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          693. The HL7 Organization.
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          695. The World Wide Web Consortium. XML Schema.
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          696. Health Level Seven. Draft HL7 Reference Information Model.
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          697. Carter KJ, et al.
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          698. Friedman C, Hripcsak GW.
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          700. Friedman C, et al.
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          702. Hripcsak G, Kuperman GJ, Friedman C, Heitjan DF.
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          704. Hripcsak G, Kuperman GJ, Friedman C.
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          724. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-CA-01-006.html
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          734. U. S. Food and Drug Administration.
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          735. Lai HC, FitzSimmons SC, Allen DB, Kosorok MR, Rosenstein BJ, Campbell PW, Farrell PM.
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          737. The World Wide Web Consortium. Extensible Markup Language.
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          740. Dolin RH.
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          742. The HL7 Organization.
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          753. Carter KJ, et al.
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          754. Friedman C, Hripcsak GW.
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          763. Johns Hopkins Autopsy Resource.
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          811. Moore GW, Berman JJ, Hanzlick RL, Buchino JJ, Hutchins GM.
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          812. Moore GW, Berman JJ.
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          813. Nagao M.
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          832. United States National Library of Medicine.

          833. Moore GW, Brown LA, Miller RE.
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          834. Miller RE, Boitnott JK, Moore GW.
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          835. Alonsozana GLG, Moore GW, Hutchins GM.
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          836. Sinard JH, Moore GW.
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    Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001;:in press.

          837. Moore GW, Miller RE.
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          840. Moore GW, Brenner DS, Berman JJ.
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          841. Kao GF, Moore GW.
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          842. Nonaka D, Moore GW, Satomura Y.
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          843. Moore GW, Vardar E, Erozan YS, Durmusoglu F.
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          844. Over 5,000 image-legends from the U. S. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Electronic Fascicles.

          845. U. S. Department of Health & Human Services: Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information.

          846. Frankfurt Autopsy Resource: Frankfurt Autopsy Resource.

          847. Translations of medical vocabulary into foreign languages.

          848. http://babel.altavista.com/
    FREE COMPUTER TRANSLATION of short texts.

          849. Pathology-to-UMLS Translator, Surgical Pathology Examples.

          850. Pathology-to-UMLS Translator, Autopsy Examples.

          851. Pathology-to-UMLS Translator, Congenital Heart Disease Examples.

          852. U.S. Natl Library Medicine Unified Medical Language System (UMLS).

          853. U.S. Natl Library Medicine UMLS Metathesaurus Documentation.

          854. U.S. Natl Library Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH).

          855. U.S. Natl Library Medicine UMLS Knowledge Sources.

          856. U.S. Natl Cancer Institute Human Tissue Archive.
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          857. U.S. Natl Cancer Institute Breast Cancer Tissue Resource.
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          858. U.S. Natl Cancer Institute Human Tissue Resource.
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          859. Systematized Nomenclature of Human and Veterinary Medicine (SNOMED).

          860. College of American Pathologists (CAP).

          861. Bibliography of Studies on Staged Human Embryos.

          862. Bibliography of Studies on JHAR Autopsies.

          863. Vanderbilt, Hopkins, Pittsburgh Shared Pathology Informatics Network: Appendix Six: Demographic and Linguistic Inventory of the Johns Hopkins Surgical Pathology Database.

          864. U. S. Code of Federal Regulations, 45 CFR Subtitle A (10-1-95 Edition), part 46.101 (b) (4). http://thomas.loc.gov

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          866. Office of Protection from Research Risks (OPRR).
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          867. Protection of human subjects: categories of research that may be reviewed by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) through an expedited review procedure--FDA. Notice.
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          868. Berman JJ, Moore GW, Hutchins GM.
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          869. Berman JJ, Moore GW, Hutchins GM.
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          872. Sweeney L.
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          874. Moore GW, Berman JJ, Hanzlick RL, Buchino JJ, Hutchins GM.
    A prototype internet autopsy database: 1625 consecutive fetal and neonatal autopsy facesheets spanning twenty years.
    Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1996; 120:782-785.

          875. Berman JJ, Moore GW, Hutchins GM.
    Internet Autopsy Database.
    Human Pathol. 1997; 28:393-394.

          876. Carter JR, Nash NP, Cechner RL, Platt RD.
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    Am J Clin Pathol. 76 (Suppl): 597-617, 1981.

          877. Peery TM.
    The autopsy data bank. A proposal for pathologists to contribute to the health care of the nation.
    Am J Clin Pathol 69 (Suppl): 258-259, 1978.

          878. Wagner BM.
    The future of environmental and toxicologic pathology.
    Human Pathol. 27:1003-1004, 1996.

          879. Mullick F.
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          880. U. S. Government Documents: http://thomas.loc.gov

          881. Office of Protection from Research Risks (OPRR).
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          882. Protection of human subjects: categories of research that may be reviewed by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) through an expedited review procedure--FDA. Notice.
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          894. Knuth D.
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          905. Shared Pathology Informatics Network: Request for Applications. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-CA-01-006.html
    The objective of this initiative for a SHARED PATHOLOGY INFORMATICS NETWORK is to create a model Web-based system to access data related to archived human specimens at multiple institutions. The data to be accessed will be derived from existing medical databases. The ability to automatically access information from medical databases is the first step toward the long-term goal of developing informatics systems to support National Cancer Institute's efforts to improve researchers' access to human specimens and clinical data.

          906.
    Make Your Own Web Page in HTML.
    http://junior.apk.net/~jbarta/tutor/makapage/index.html

          907.
    Shareware C compiler for MS-DOS.
    http://www-eng.tp.ac.sg/student/cprog/pacificc.htm

          908.
    U.S. NATIONAL LIBRARY MEDICINE UNIFIED MEDICAL LANGUAGE SYSTEM (UMLS).
    http://www.nlm.nih.gov/    Click on Unified Medical....

          909. U.S. Natl Library Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH).
    http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html

          910. U. S. NATIONAL LIBRARY MEDICINE UMLS KNOWLEDGE SOURCES.
    http://umlsks.nlm.nih.gov/

          911. OODLES OF FREE SOFTWARE!
    http://www.zdnet.com/
    For a great, cost-free File Transfer Protocol (FTP) program, I recommend: WS_FTP.
    Click on: DOWNLOAD OUR 50 FREE PROGRAMS
    Enter: FTP    Click on: SEARCH options
    Click on: WS_FTP LIMITED EDITION

          912. http://babel.altavista.com/
    FREE TRANSLATION (German, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese). Enter an index term of your choice, click on SEARCH, then click on TRANSLATE from the resulting web page. Free translation is limited to one kilobyte of text. The translator is a copyrighted product of Digital Equipment Corporation and Systran.

          913.
    R. L. RIVEST'S CRYPTOGRAPHY AND SECURITY PAGE.
    http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~rivest/crypto-security.html
    Prof. Rivest is the R in the RSA public-private cryptography algorithm, one of the intellectual masterpieces of this century.

          914.
    MEDICAL LEXICON in: German, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Danish, Dutch.
    http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss

          915.
    NUNTII LATINI. Weekly summary of world news in Latin. http://www.yle.fi/fbc/latini/
    Nuntii Latini, conspectus rerum internationalium hebdomadalis.

          916.
    Hebrew Font from the Israeli Government.
    http://www.gshmuel.gov.il/
    You need PKUNZIP to open this font.

          917. UMLS Stop Words.
    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query/static/help/pmhelp.html#Stopwords

          918. Set Theory Definition and Algorithm for Medical De-Identification.
    G. William Moore, MD, PhD Lawrence A. Brown, MD, Robert E. Miller, MD.
    Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001;:in press.

          919. Web-based Free-Text Query System for Surgical Pathology Reports with Automatic Case De-Identification.
    Robert E. Miller, MD, John K. Boitnott, MD, G. William Moore, MD, PhD.
    Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001;:in press.

          920. UMLS Concordance for Human Embryology.
    Gladys L. G. Alonsozana, MD, G. William Moore, MD, PhD, Grover M. Hutchins, MD.
    Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001;:in press.

          921. UMLS Concordance for a Comprehensive Pathology Text.
    John H. Sinard, MD, PhD, G. William Moore, MD, PhD.
    Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001;:in press.

          922. Linguistic Inventory of the Johns Hopkins Surgical Pathology Database.
    G. William Moore, MD, PhD, Robert E. Miller, MD.
    Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001;:in press.

          923. UMLS Concordance for Pathology Text.
    John H. Sinard, MD, PhD, Gladys L. G. Alonsozana, MD, Grover M. Hutchins, MD. G. William Moore, MD, PhD.

          924. Free-Text Query System for Surgical Pathology Reports with Automatic Case De-Identification.
    Robert E. Miller, MD, John K. Boitnott, MD, Lawrence A. Brown, MD, G. William Moore, MD, PhD.

          925. Automatic Indexing of a Pathology Image Archive using UMLS.
    G. William Moore, M.D., Ph.D., David S. Brenner, M.D., Jules J. Berman, Ph.D., M.D.
    Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124:809.

          926. Dermatopathology False Negative Terms in UMLS.
    Grace F. Kao, M.D., G. William Moore, M.D, Ph.D.
    Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000 Jun;124:809.

          927. Japanese Language Annotation of an Internet Pathology Image Archive.
    Daisuke Nonaka, M.D, G. William Moore, M.D., Ph.D., Yoichi Satomura, M.D
    Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000 Jun;124:820.

          928. Turkish Language Annotation of an Internet Pathology Image Archive.
    G. William Moore, MD, PhD., Enver Vardar, MD. Yener S. Erozan, M.D., Fatih Durmusoglu, M.D.
    Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000 Jun;124:820.

          929. Over 5,000 image-legends from the U. S. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Electronic Fascicles.

          930. U. S. Department of Health & Human Services: Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information.

          931. Goethe University Autopsy Register. Goethe University Autopsy Register.

          932. Translations of medical vocabulary into foreign languages.

          933. http://babel.altavista.com/
    FREE COMPUTER TRANSLATION of short texts.

          934. Pathology-to-UMLS Translator, Surgical Pathology Examples.

          935. Pathology-to-UMLS Translator, Autopsy Examples.

          936. Pathology-to-UMLS Translator, Congenital Heart Disease Examples.

          937. U.S. Natl Library Medicine Unified Medical Language System (UMLS).

          938. U.S. Natl Library Medicine UMLS Metathesaurus Documentation.

          939. U.S. Natl Library Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH).

          940. U.S. Natl Library Medicine UMLS Knowledge Sources.

          941. U.S. Natl Cancer Institute Human Tissue Archive.
    Prospective procurement of human tissues for research.

          942. U.S. Natl Cancer Institute Breast Cancer Tissue Resource.
    Prospective procurement of human breast tissue for research.

          943. U.S. Natl Cancer Institute Human Tissue Resource.
    Prospective procurement of human tissue for research.

          944. Systematized Nomenclature of Human and Veterinary Medicine (SNOMED).

          945. College of American Pathologists (CAP).

          946. Bibliography of Studies on Staged Human Embryos.

          947. Bibliography of Studies on JHAR Autopsies.

          948. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-CA-01-006.html The objective of this initiative for a SHARED PATHOLOGY INFORMATICS NETWORK is to create a model Web-based system to access data related to archived human specimens at multiple institutions. The data to be accessed will be derived from existing medical databases. The ability to automatically access information from medical databases is the first step toward the long-term goal of developing informatics systems to support the National Cancer Institute's efforts to improve researchers' access to human specimens and clinical data.

          949. Vanderbilt, Hopkins, Pittsburgh Shared Pathology Informatics Network: Appendix Six: Demographic and Linguistic Inventory of the Johns Hopkins Surgical Pathology Database.

          950. Student Lecture on Computer Privacy of Individually Identifiable Medical Information. Presented: December 6, 2000, Baltimore City College High School, Baltimore, MD.

          951. SNOMED is the Systematized Nomenclature of Human and Veterinary Medicine, and consists of over 180,000 medical terms. For further information related to SNOMED, please visit the College of American Pathologists website. .

          952. Prof. R. L. Rivest's cryptography and security page.
    http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~rivest/crypto-security.html
    Prof. Rivest is the R in the RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adelman) public-private cryptography algorithm, one of the intellectual masterpieces of this century.

          953. PubMed Stop Words (U. S. National Library of Medicine):
    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query/static/help/pmhelp.html#Stopwords

          954. PubMed Help (U. S. National Library of Medicine):
    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query/static/help/pmhelp.html

          955. PubMed Stop Words: Local Copy.
    http://www.netautopsy.org/umlsstop.htm

          956. Approximate Synonyms for UMLS Concept Unique Identifiers:
    http://www.netautopsy.org/umlspsdo.htm

          957. On-Line Pathology Text.
    http://www.pathinfo.com

          958. General Information about Pathology and Autopsies.
    http://www.netautopsy.org/neta0405.htm

          959. Thoughts about Pathology as a Career.
    http://www.netautopsy.org/billgrow.htm

          960. Practice Guidelines for Autopsy Pathology
    Hutchins GM, Berman JJ, Moore GW, Hanzlick R, and the Autopsy Committee of the College of American Pathologists.
    Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. 1999; 123:1085-1092.

          961. Moore GW, Berman JJ, Sydnor DL.
    Fractal dimension for pathology images, a repeatable and quantitative measurement of nuclear rim irregularity.
    Am J Clin Pathol 102:538, 1994.

          962. Moore GW, Berman JJ, Moore GW, Brown LA.
    Software for image segmentation and analysis in pathology (ISAP): public domain image software and source code developed at the Baltimore VA Medical Center.
    Am J Clin Pathol 102:538-539, 1994.

          963. Moore GW, Berman JJ, Sydnor DL.
    Automated edge detection in image analysis: distinguishing the nucleus from the cytoplasm without a user's threshold estimate.
    Am J Clin Pathol 102:539, 1994.

          964. U. S. Code of Federal Regulations, 45 CFR Subtitle A (10-1-95 Edition), part 46.101 (b) (4). The complete Common Rule document (45CFR46), at URL:
    http://www.uaf.edu/oar/irb/45cfr46.html
    or at URL:
    http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.htm

          965. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information.
    Fed Regist. 1999 Nov 3;64(212):59917-59966. http://aspe.hhs.gov/admnsimp/

          966. Protection of human subjects: categories of research that may be reviewed by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) through an expedited review procedure--FDA. Notice.
    Fed Regist. 1998 Nov 9;63(216 Pt 1):60353-60356.
    PMID: 10187395; UI: 99080910.

          967. Berman JJ, Moore GW, Hutchins GM.
    Maintaining patient confidentiality in the public domain Internet Autopsy Database (IAD).
    Proc AMIA Annu Fall Symp. 1996;:328-332.
    PMID: 8947682; UI: 97103310.

          968. Berman JJ, Moore GW, Hutchins GM.
    U. S. Senate Bill 422. The Genetic Confidentiality and Nondiscrimination Act of 1997.
    Diagn Mol Pathol. 1998 Aug;7(4):192-196.
    PMID: 9917128; UI: 99114200.

          969. Sweeney L.
    Three computational systems for disclosing medical data in the year 1999.
    Medinfo. 1998;9 Pt 2:1124-1129.
    PMID: 10384634; UI: 99312628.

          970. Sweeney L.
    Privacy and medical-records research.
    N Engl J Med. 1998 Apr 9;338(15):1077; discussion 1077-1078.
    PMID: 9537887; UI: 98181820.

          971. Sweeney L.
    Guaranteeing anonymity when sharing medical data, the Datafly System.
    Proc AMIA Annu Fall Symp. 1997;:51-55.
    PMID: 9357587; UI: 98020458.

          972. Sweeney L.
    Replacing personally-identifying information in medical records, the Scrub system.
    Proc AMIA Annu Fall Symp. 1996;:333-337.
    PMID: 8947683; UI: 97103311.

          973. Moore GW, Berman JJ, Hanzlick RL, Buchino JJ, Hutchins GM.
    A prototype internet autopsy database: 1625 consecutive fetal and neonatal autopsy facesheets spanning twenty years.
    Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1996; 120:782-785.

          974. Berman JJ, Moore GW, Hutchins GM.
    Internet Autopsy Database.
    Human Pathol. 1997; 28:393-394.

          975. Carter JR, Nash NP, Cechner RL, Platt RD.
    Proposal for a national autopsy data bank. A potential major contribution of pathologists to the health care of the nation.
    Am J Clin Pathol. 76 (Suppl): 597-617, 1981.

          976. Peery TM.
    The autopsy data bank. A proposal for pathologists to contribute to the health care of the nation.
    Am J Clin Pathol 69 (Suppl): 258-259, 1978.

          977. Wagner BM.
    The future of environmental and toxicologic pathology.
    Human Pathol. 27:1003-1004, 1996.

          978. Mullick F.
    The Center for Environmental Pathology and Toxicology at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.
    Human Pathology 52: 752-753, 1997.

          979. U. S. Government Documents: http://thomas.loc.gov

          980. National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC).
    http://bioethics.gov/general.html
    Executive Order 12975, October 3, 1995.
    Federal Register: October 5, 1995. v. 60.; no. 193. pp. 52063-52065

          981. National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC), Recommendations to the Common Rule:
    http://bioethics.gov/pubs.html

          982. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
    Unified Medical Language System.
    http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/

          983. Schneier B.
    Applied Cryptography, Second Edition. Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C.
    New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.

          984. Moore GW, Brown LA, Miller RE.
    Set Theory Definition and Algorithm for Medical De-Identification.
    Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001;:in press.

          985. The University of Mississippi has published its Multiple Project Assurance Document at URL:
    http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/research/irb/assurance.htm

          986. National Cancer Institute's Confidentiality Brochure, at URL:
    http://www-cdp.ims.nci.nih.gov/policy.html

          987. Office of Human Research Protections (OHRP), within OPHS, DHHS (formerly, Office for Protection from Research Risks (OPRR)), at URL:
    http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov

          988. United States Health Information Knowledgebase:
    http://hmrha.hirs.osd.mil/registry/index1.html


          989. ISO/IEC 11179 Standards for CDE attributes:
    http://www.sdct.itl.nist.gov/~ftp/l8/11179/11179-1.htm


          990. United States Health Information Knowledgebase. Archive of thousands of health-related CDEs along with metadata attributes:
    http://hmrha.hirs.osd.mil/registry/index1.html
    Go to the listings along the left margin and click on 'data elements'. On the linked page, from their alphabetic selector, pick a letter. Click on any of the CDEs, and you're taken to a summary page that lists the attributes for the CDE.

          991. DATA ELEMENT DETAIL. 
     Registry Name:  Final diagnosis
 Identifier:     7386
 Version:        1
 Definition:     The text describing the final diagnosis given by a pathologist to a patient.
 Example:        Benign vascular proliferation, thrombus, papillary endothelial hyperplasia
 Administrative Status: Interim
 Registration Status:   Standard
 Representation Class:  Text
 Unit of Measure:       NA
 Precision:             NA
 Submitting Organization: Pathology Laboratory A
 Description:    This data element is part of the Pathology Report standard.
 Unresolved Issue:      NA
 Create Date:           19960930 (YYYYMMDD)
 Change Date:           20000828 (YYYYMMDD)


          992. Cios, K.J., University of Colorado at Denver, CO, USA. (Ed.).
    Medical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery.
    2001. XVIII, 502 pp. 98 figs., 98 tabs. Hardcover.
    ISBN: 3-7908-1340-0.
    DM 198,-. Recommended List Price.
    Copyright Springer-Verlag: Berlin/Heidelberg 1999.
    Ordering Information at URL:
    http://www.springer.de/medic/books/newbooks.html
    Click on: NEW RELEASES IN DECEMBER, 2000.

          993. PubMed (U. S. National Library of Medicine):
    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/

          994. Google Internet Index.
    http://www.google.com/

          995. Yahoo Internet Index.
    http://www.yahoo.com/

          996. Altavista Internet Index.
    http://www.altavista.com/

          997. Amazon: World's Largest Bookstore.
    http://www.amazon.com/

          998. USNLM Publications on Ethical Issues in Research involving Human Subjects.
    http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/hum_exp.html

          999. U. S. Code of Federal Regulations, 45 CFR Subtitle A (10-1-95 Edition), part 46.101 (b) (4). The complete Common Rule document (45CFR46), on human subjects research, at URL:
    http://www.uaf.edu/oar/irb/45cfr46.html
    or at URL:
    http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.htm

          1000. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information.
    http://aspe.hhs.gov/admnsimp/

          1001. Human subjects research, including autopsies: National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC). Executive Order 12975, October 3, 1995. Federal Register: October 5, 1995. v. 60.; no. 193. pp. 52063-52065.
    http://bioethics.gov/general.html

          1002. National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC), Recommendations to the Common Rule:
    http://bioethics.gov/pubs.html

          1003. U. S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, including Federal Register.
    http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/

          1004. The University of Mississippi Multiple Project Assurance Document for human subjects research, at URL:
    http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/research/irb/assurance.htm

          1005. National Cancer Institute's Confidentiality Brochure, at URL:
    http://www-cdp.ims.nci.nih.gov/policy.html

          1006. Office of Human Research Protections (OHRP), within OPHS, DHHS (formerly, Office for Protection from Research Risks (OPRR)), at URL:
    http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov

          1007. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations.
    http://www.jcaho.org

          1008. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS).
    http://www.nccls.org

          1009. College of American Pathologists.
    http://www.cap.org

          1010. United State and Canadian Academy of Pathology.
    http://www.uscap.org

          1011. Dr. Ed Friedlander's Introduction to the Autopsy.
    http://www.pathguy.com/autopsy.htm

          1012. Dr. Jules J. Berman's Lightning Hypertext of Disease.
    http://www.pathinfo.com/

          1013. Dr. Ed O. Uthman's Introduction to the Autopsy.
    http://www.neosoft.com/~uthman/

          1014. Dr. Shawn E. Cowper's Pathology Education Websites.
    http://www.pathmax.com/

          1015. University of Rochester Pathology Resources.
    http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/smd/pathres/long.html

          1016. University of Michigan Pathology Resources.
    http://141.214.5.219/pathresourceak/path_resources.html

          1017. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Autopsy Diagrams.
    http://www.afip.org/homes/oafme/diagrams.html

          1018. Tulane University Autopsy Pathology Images.
    http://www.som.tulane.edu/classware/pathology/medical_pathology/McPath

          1019. University of Leicester Autopsy Cases.
    http://www.le.ac.uk/pathology/teach/va2/titlpag1.html

          1020. Internet Pathology Laboratory for Medical Education.
    http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/webpath.html

          1021. Seife C.
    Zero. The Biography of a Dangerous Idea.
    London: Penguin Books. 2000.
    ISBN: 0-670-88457-X, 248 pages.
    This book includes an account of the execution of Hippasus of Metapontum, a member of the Pythagorean cult, who had dared to reveal the existence of irrational numbers to persons outside the cult.

          1022. Stewart I.
    Flatterland. Like Flatland. Only More So.
    Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing. 2001.
    ISBN 0-7382-0442-0, 301 pages.
    This book is a sequel of Edwin A. Abbott's FLATLAND, published in 1884, and cited in Stephen Hawking's A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME.

          1023. Casti JL, DePauli W.
    Gödel. A Life of Logic.
    Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing. 2000.
    ISBN 0-7382-0274-6, 210 pages.

          1024. Aleksandr I, Morton H.
    An Introduction to Neural Computing. Second Edition.
    London: International Thomson Computer Press. 1995.
    ISBN 1-85032-167-1, 284 pages.

          1025. Scarborough D, Sternberg S.
    Methods, Models, and Conceptual Issues. An Invitation to Cognitive Science. Volume 4.
    Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 1998.
    ISBN 0-262-65946-0, 950 pages.

          1026. Changeux J-P, Connes A.
    Conversations on Mind, Matter, and Mathematics
    Ed & Transl: DeBevoise MB. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1995.
    ISBN 0-691-08759-8, 260 pages.

          1027. Hockey S.
    A Guide to Computer Applications in the Humanities.
    Chapter 8. Sound Patterns. pp.168-188.
    Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Univ Press. 1980.
    ISBN 0-8018-2891-0, 248 pages.
    Cited: Ott W. Metrical Analysis of Latin Hexameter by Computer. Revue 4:7-24, 1966.
    Cited: Greenberg NA. Scansion Purement Automatique de l'Hexamère Dactylique. Revue 1967;3:1-25.
    This is the book that I mentioned a few months ago that contains the chapter about the meter of Virgil's Aeneid. The computer program successfully scanned 95% of hexameters, by recognizing the usual conventions for long and short vowels, as well as elisions, such as "-que" before a vowel. In 3-4% of sentences, more than one scansion was proposed by the computer program, and in 1-2% of sentences, the scansion was abandoned by the computer program, and it was determined that Virgil had not obeyed the rules. In about 5% of lines with an equivocal scansion, it was determined that the equivocal vowel-weight (such as a first-declension nominative (short) versus ablative (long)) had to be determined from the semantic context.
    Analyses of Homer's Odyssey and Aristotle's Nicomachean and Eudemean Ethics and Plato's Seventh Letter and Apology are also discussed in this book. An early analysis of 440 lines from Homer's Odyssey found eight false scansions, but manual analysis of these lines revealed, as noted for Aeschylus, that in these lines there were special semantic circumstances that allowed the usual scansion rules to be "relaxed.

          1028. Woodger JH.
    The Axiomatic Method in Biology.
    Out of Print.

          1029. Woodger JH.
    Techniques of Theory Construction.
    Out of Print.

          1030. Wharton E.
    The House of Mirth. With an Afterward by Louis Auchincloss.
    London: Signet Classic. 1964.
    Edith Jones Wharton, b. 1/24/1862 in New York City; d. 1937, Paris. Family of merchants, bankers, and lawyers. Educated privately by tutors and governesses. m. Edward Wharton of Boston. divorced: 1913.

          1031. Diamant A.
    The Red Tent.
    New York: Picador USA. 1997.
    ISBN 0-312-19551-6, 321 pages.
    A biography of Dinah, daughter of Isaac. "A Woman's Book".

          1032. Diamant A.
    The New Jewish Baby Book. Names, Ceremonies & Customs. A Guide for Today's Families.
    Forward by Rabbit Norman J. Cohen. Preface by Rabbi Amy Eilberg.
    Woodstock, VT: Jewish Lights Publishing. 1994.
    ISBN 1-879045-28-1, 288 pages.
    A quick review of Jewish ceremonies and names for the non-Jewish reader with Jewish friends. Ms. Diamant is a Jewish woman who married a Christian man, who converted to Judaism. It is easy to see how her need to explain Jewish traditions to her new in-laws provided materials for this book.

          1033. Born M.
    The Restless Universe. Second Edition.
    Authorized Transl: Winifred M. Deans, MA, BsC.
    New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 1951.
    315 pages.

          1034. Cate FH.
    Privacy in the Information Age.
    Washington: Brookings Institution Press. 1997.
    ISBN 0-8157-1316-9

          1034. Zelikow P, Rice C.
    Germany Unified and Europe Transformed. A Study in Statecraft.
    Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1998.
    ISBN 0-674-35325-0, 493 pages.
    An insider's account of the unification of Germany during the Bush administration.

          1035. Davis M.
    Computability and Unsolvability.
    New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 1958.
    ISBN 0-486-61471-9, 248 pages.
    A short description of the major issues in the field of Computability and Unsolvability. A nice appendix, with a review of the major theorems of Number theory, and Matiyasevic's demonstration that Hilbert's Tenth Problem is insoluble. Good reference section.

          1036. Snow CP.
    The Two Cultures.
    With an Introduction by Stephan Collini.
    Cambridge: Canto. Cambridge University Press. 1959.
    ISBN 0-521-45730-0, 107 pages.
    The 1960s cult book that launched a generation of academic debate about the separation of science and humanities education.

          1037. Chesterton GK.
    Saint Francis of Assisi.
    New York: Image Books. Doubleday. 1924.
    ISBN 0-385-02900-4, 158 pages.
    By Britain's greatest twentieth century apologist for the Roman Catholic Church. With a forward to the paperback edition by Joseph Girzone.

          1038. Stevenson J.
    The Complete Idiot's Guide to Philosophy.
    New York: Alpha Books. A Division of Macmillian Reference USA. A Simon and Schuster Macmillan Company. 1998.
    ISBN 0-02-861981-1, 266 pages.
    A quick romp through the history of philosophy. Good for the amateur. A lot of serious omissions, including Gödel, in my opinion.

          1039. Blech B.
    The Complete Idiot's Guide to Jewish History and Culture.
    New York. Alpha Books. A Division of Macmillian Reference USA. A Simon and Schuster Macmillan Company. 1999.
    ISBN 0-02862711-3, 406 pages.
    A quick romp through the history and beliefs of Judaism. Written in a zesty style by a tenth-generation Rabbi, Benjamin Blech. Three areas that are tread especially lightly are: the Holocaust; the non-Messiah-ness of Jesus; the Hebrew and Yiddish languages. A lot of fun. Good for a quick orientation by non-Jews, to help understand what their Jewish friends are talking about.

          1040. L'Engle M.
    Certain Women.
    San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. A Division of HarperCollins Publishers. 1992.
    ISBN 0-06-065207-1, 352 pages.
    A modern version of David, the author of the Psalms. Tiresome. What is the big deal about this slick-talking womanizer?

          1041. Farmer R, Miller D, Lawrenson R.
    Lecture Notes on Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine. Fourth Edition.
    Oxford: Blackwell Science. 1996.
    ISBN 0-86542-611-2, 288 pages.

          1042. Orwant J, Hietaniemi J, Macdonald J.
    Mastering Algorithms with Perl.
    Cambridge: O'Reilly. 1999.
    ISBN 1-56592-398-7, 684 pages.


          1043. Greek Mathematics.
    Goold GP, ed. Thomas I transl. Loeb Classical Library. #335. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1939.
    ISBN 0-674-99369-1, 511 pages.
    The Loeb formula of facing page translations, Greek and English. Includes: Pythagoras, Thales, Plato, Aristotle, Euclid.

          1044. Hippocrates.
    Hippocrates. Volume I.
    Jones WHS, transl. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1923.
    ISBN 0-674-99162-1, 361 pages.
    Includes Hippocrates' Oath, with explanatory notes.

          1045. Singh S.
    Fermat's Enigma. The Epic Quest to Solve the World's Greatest Mathematical Problem.
    New York: Anchor Books. A Division of Random House, Inc. 1997.
    ISBN 0-385-49362-2, 315 pages.


          1046. Giere W.
    Dokumentation und Informationsaufbereitung fuer den Arzt. Beitraege zur Medizischen Informatik.
    Kirsten K, ed. Darmstadt: Epilog Verlag. 1996.
    ISBN 3-9803214-7-9, 437 pages.
    Collected works of Germany's foremost medical informatician.

          1047. Hofstadter DR.
    Gödel, Escher, Bach. An Eternal Golden Braid.
    New York: Basic Books. A member of the Perseus Books Group. 1979.
    ISBN 0-465-02656-7, 777 pages.
    Pulitzer Prize-Winning book, that introduced the general educated public to Gödel, Time Magazine's mathematician of the twentieth century. A really dynamite set of references, including notes, in the field of mathematical logic.

          1048. Watson F.
    India. A Concise History.
    New York: Thames and Hudson. 1974.
    ISBN 0-500-027164-X, 192 pages.
    A quick coverage of Indian history, that shows the early communications between the Mediterranean culture and Indian culture through the excursions of Alexander the Great. The cultivation of zero in India. The achievements of Islamic mathematicians. The British raj began slowly, with the Brits first using Farsi as the language of discourse! The British taught the Indians about their own history, and in doing so, awakened the Indians to their own national heritage, and sowed the seeds of revolt, eventually leading to Indian independence in 1948.

          1049. Galvin H, Tamarkin S.
    Yiddish Dictionary Sourcebook: A transliterated guide to the Yiddish Language.
    Hoboken, NJ: Ktav Publishing House, Inc. 1986.
    ISBN 0-87068-715-8, 317 pages.
    More than just a dictionary. Includes a brief history of of the Yiddish language, from its early roots in Southwestern Germany in the 13th century. Uses both the Hebrew script and a Romanized transliteration.

          1050. Unseld DW.
    Medizinisches Wörterbuch der deutschen und englischen Sprache. Achte, neubearbeitete Auflage.
    Medical Dictionary of the English and German Languages. Eighth Edition, revised and enlarged.
    Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliched Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. 1982.
    ISBN 3-8047-0661-4, 593 pages.


          1051. Borg MJ.
    Meeting Jesus Again for the First Time. The Historical Jesus and the Heart of Contemporary Faith.
    San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. A Division of HarperCollins Publishers. 1994.
    ISBN 0-06-060917-6, 150 pages.
    A controversial book, that divides the Gospel account of Jesus into pre-Easter Jesus (so-called Historical Jesus), and post-Easter Jesus (elements of faith added after the resurrection).

          1052. Lewis GL.
    Turkish Grammar.
    Oxford: Oxford at the Clarendon Press. 1967.
    ISBN 0-19-815838-6, 303 pages.


          1053. Caldwell T.
    Dear and Glorious Physician.
    Cutchogue, NY: Buccaneer Books. 1959.
    ISBN 1-56749-242-1, 574 pages.
    A fictionalized account of the life of Saint Luke. Saint Luke was a physician, and the only non-Jew who wrote a book of the Bible, Old or New Testament. One of the most stunning features of this book, for the physician reader, is the insight that Saint Luke has into the natural history of diseases, although he had no technology to treat them as we do in modern times. Perhaps this is an anachronism, retrofitted by the author, but then again, perhaps we don't give the ancients enough credit. The ancients, after all, were masters of what they COULD observe, including gross anatomy. Includes a short but nice biography.

          1054. Andrews GL.
    Number Theory.
    New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 1971.
    ISBN 0-486-68252-8, 259 pages.


          1055. Croxton FE.
    Elementary Statistics. With Applications in Medicine and the Biological Sciences.
    New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 1953.
    376 pages.
    A nice beginning book for biologists and physicians. Somewhat quaint computing shortcuts from the era of mechanical calculators.

          1056. Aldenderfer MS, Blashfield RK.
    Cluster Analysis.
    A Sage University Paper #44. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
    ISBN 0-8039-2376-7, 88 pages.

          1057. Arabie P, Carroll JD, DeSarbo WS.
    Three-Way Scaling and Clustering.
    A Sage University Paper #65. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
    ISBN 0-8039-3068-2, 92 pages.


          1058. Kafka F.
    The Castle. Definitive Edition, with an Homage by Thomas Mann.
    Muir W, Muir E, transl. New York: A Modern Library Book. 1969.
    Das Schloss. Published in German, Muenchen: Kurg Wolff Verlag. 1926.
    481 pages.

          1059. Eco U.
    A Theory of Semiotics.
    Bloomington, IN: A Midland Book. Indiana University Press.1979.
    ISBN 0-253-35955-4, 354 pages.
    Serious academic work by the beloved author of The Name of the Rose.

          1060.
    Ulam S.
    Adventures of a Mathematician.
    Berkley, CA: University of California Press. 1991.
    ISBN 0-52007154-9, 329 pages.
    My favorite chapter is chapter 15, random reflections, in which much of the lore of mathematics is discussed. Prof. Ulam discusses, among other things, the speculation that one might have regions of inconsistency in mathematics, i.e., places where, as with cards, one might "cheat a little". This could lead to a much richer mathematics.

          1061. Cornwell J.
    Hitler's Pope.
    New York: Penguin Books. 1999.
    ISBN 0-14-029627-1 426 pages.
    A very unsympathetic portrait of Pope Pius XII, by a disenchanted English Catholic, who was given extra-ordinary access to Vatican documents. While I agree with Cornwell's general conclusions, he seems to be gratuitously nasty to this pope, picking away at such things as his command of English

          1062. Bernstein PL.
    Against the Gods. The Remarkable Story of Risk.
    New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1996.
    ISBN 0-471-29563-9, 383 pages.
    A fantastic excursion through the history of probability and chance, starting with the ancient Egyptians and ending with modern worldwide business practices. Probability was originally studied in order to INCREASE BENEFITS, as in winning at gambling or staying alive longer. Now, probability has its most important applications

          1063. DeCew JW.
    In Pursuit of Privacy. Law, Ethics, and the Rise of Technology.
    Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 1997.
    ISBN 0-8014-3380-0, 199 pages.

          1064. Haffner S.
    Geschichte eines Deutschen. Die Erinnerungen 1914-1933.
    Frankfurt am Main: Bildergilde Gutenberg. 2000.
    ISBN 3-7632-5101-4, 240 pages.
    "Deutschland ist nichts, aber jeder einzelne Deutsche ist viel." (Goethe, 1808). "Germany is nothing, but each individual German is much."
    A book with a wierd publication history. First written in German in 1939 by a liberal German journalist who had by then fled to England, the book was translated into English. The original German version was lost, and the text was translated from English back to German.
    I am only a few pages into the book, and already I am captivated. Clearly a product of Haffner's adolescence (Sebastian Haffner, 1907-1999), the book opens with his recollections of the outset of World War I as a seven-year-old. It has the same misty narrative quality as the early chapters of David Guterson's Snow Falling on Cedars.
    Haffner emphasizes individual, private freedoms, all of which were encroached/attacked by the Nazis. On the other hand, the very sense of "leave me alone" among the intellectuals may have encouraged the Nazis to further their attacks, unopposed.

          1065. Sandritter W.
    Histopathologie. Lehrbuch und Atlas fuer Studierende und Aerzte. Sechste, verbesserte Auflage.
    Stuttgart: F. K. Schattauer Verlag. 1975.
    ISBN 3-7945-0454-2, 309 pages.
    Inscription: Bill Moore mit vielen Dank fuer Alles vom Walter Sandritter.
    Was ist das Schwerste von allen?
    Was dir das Lechteste duenket:
    Mit den Augen zu sehen,
    Was vor den Augen dir liegt.
    Quotation from Goethe:
    What is the most difficult of all? / That which seems the easiest: / To see with your eyes, / What lies before your eyes.

          1066. Crossan JD.
    The Historical Jesus. The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Pesant.
    San Franciso: HarperSanFranciso. A Division of HarperCollins Publishers. 1992.
    ISBN 0-06-06162906, 507 pages.
    An exhaustive piece of scholarship, almost too much. Crossan culls a list of sayings in the prefatory notes, which are worth the price of the book alone. These are Crossan's conclusions of what Jesus actually said.

          1067. The Holy Bible. Containing the Old and New Testaments. Set forth in 1611 and commonly known as the King James Version.
    New York: American Bible Society.


          1068. Roberts JAG.
    A Concise History of China.
    Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1999.
    ISBN 0-674-00075-7, 341 pages.
    A good start for beginners. Covers all the major dynasties: Qin, Han 1, Han 2, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic, Peoples Republic. Discusses the dynastic model of rise, plateau, corruption, and fall.

          1069. Simpson A.
    HTML publishing Bible. WIndows 95 Edition.
    Foster City, CA: IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. An International Data Group Company. 1996.
    ISBN 0-7645-3009-7, 774 pages.
    HTML is the display language of the Internet. Forget ADOBE, JavaScript, Java, etc. HTML is king, because HTML is everywhere.

          1070. Singh S.
    Fermat's Enigma. The Epic Quest to Solve the World's Greatest Mathematical Problem.
    New York: Anchor Books. A Division of Random House, Inc. 1997.
    ISBN 0-385-49362-2, 315 pages.
    The on-again, off-again proof by Sir Andrew Wiles of Fermat's Last Theorem. A brief run-through of the history of Diophantus's famous conjecture, with Fermat's infamous inscription:
    Cuius rei demonstrationem mirabilem sane detexi hanc marginis exiguitas non caperet.

    I have a truly marvelous demonstration of this proposition which this margin is too narrow to contain.
    The conjecture is:
    ak + bk = ck ,
    where a, b, c, and k, are all integers. According to Fermat's Last Theorem, there are no solutions where k > 2.

          1071. Karon J.
    At Home in Mitford.
    New York: Penguin Books. 1994.
    ISBN 0-14-02-5448-X, 446 pages.
    Nice writing, but in the end, the subject matter isn't very gripping. I mean, who cares about the ins-and-outs of some minor village in the North Carolina mountains. Jane Austen gets my same criticism for the same reason. Nice writing, but who cares about 19th century British country life?

          1072. Chametzky RA.
    A Theory of Phrase Markers and the Extended Base.
    Albany: State University of New York Press. 1996.
    ISBN 0-7914-2972-5, 206 pages.


          1073. Scarborough D, Sternberg S.
    An Invitation to Cognitive Science. Second Edition. Methods, Models, and Conceptual Issues. Volume 4.
    Cambridge, MA: A Bradford Book. The MIT Press. 1998.
    ISBN 0-262-65046-0, 950 pages.
    A nice overview. The chapter on statistical methods gives a quick summary of all of elementary statistics. The chapter on calculating elementary arithmetic is written by an amateur mathematician with a lot of interesting reflections about mathematics.

          1074. Cate FH.
    Privacy in the Information Age.
    Brookings Institution Press. Washington, DC. 1997.
    ISBN 0-8157-1315-0, 248 pages.
    Privacy as viewed from the famous conservative think-tank.

          1075. Cornwell P.
    The Last Precinct.
    Berkley Books, New York.
    ISBN 0-425-18063-8, 468 pages.
    Richmond's legendary medical examiner, Dr. Kay Scarpetta, MD, JD, gets caught up in a mess that may cause her to leave Richmond.

          1076. Benford G.
    Against Infinity.
    New York: Avon Books, Inc. 1993.
    ISBN 0-380-79058-0, 243 pages.
    A masterful book by Isaac Asimov's authorized literary successor, Dr. Gregory Benford.

          1077. Benford G.
    Foundation's Fear.
    New York: HarperPrism, a division of HarperCollinsPublishers, 1997.
    ISBN 0-06-105638-3, 616 pages.
    A masterful book by Isaac Asimov's authorized literary successor, Dr. Gregory Benford.

          1078. Huxley A.
    Island.
    New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1962.
    ISBN 0-06-080985-X, 295 pages.


          1079. Fadiman A.
    The spirit catches you and you fall down. A Hmong child, her American doctors, and the collision of two cultures.
    New York: The Noonday Press, a division of Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1997.
    ISBN 0-374-52564-1, 341 pages.


          1080. Smith B.
    Ontology.
    Floridi L (ed.), Blackwell Guide to Philosophy, Information and Computers, Oxford: Blackwell, 2002.
    http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/ontology(PIC).pdf


          1081. Smith B.
    Ontology.
    Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (an on-line reference work).
    http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/ontologies.htm


          1082. Apps E.
    New Mining Industry Standards: Moving from Monks to the Mainstream.
    PC AI, 14(6), pp.46-50, 2000.

          1083. Banerjee S, Krishnamurthy V, Krishnaprasad M, Murthy R.
    Oracle8i - The XML Enabled Data Management System.
    Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference on Data Engineering, pp. 561-568, San Diego, California, 2000


          1084. Bauer CJ.
    Data Mining Digs.
    In, Special Advertising Recruitment Supplement to The Washington Post, Washington Post, Sunday, March 15, 1998.

          1085. Berman JJ. 2002.
    Tissue Microarray Data Exchange Standards: Frequently Asked Questions:

    http://www.pathinfo.com/jjb/tmfaqv1.htm


          1086. Bray T, Paoli J, Maler E.
    Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Second Edition), W3C Recommendation.
    http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xml-20001006
    October 2000


          1087. Brewka. G., Dix. J., and Konolige. K. Nonmonotonic Reasoning: an Overview. CSLI Lecture Notes No. 73. ISBN 1-881526-83-6. 179 pages. 1997;:.

          1088. Buechner, A.G., Baumgarten, M., Mulvenna, M.D., Böhm, R., and Anand, S.S., Data Mining and XML: Current and Future Issues, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering (WISE'00), pp127-131, Hong Kong, 2000

          1089. Cheng, J., and Xu, J., IBM DB2 Extender, Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference on Data Engineering, pp. 569-573, San Diego, California, 2000

          1090. Ceusters W. 2000. Medical Natural Language Understanding as a Supporting Technology for Data Mining in Healthcare. Chapter 3. In: Cios KJ. Medical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 32-60.

          1091. Changeux J.-P., Connes, A. 1995. Conversations on Mind, Matter, and Mathematics.DeBevoise M.B., translator. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

          1092. Cios KJ, Pedrycz W, Swiniarski R. Data Mining Methods for Knowledge Discovery. Kluwer 1998;:.

          1093. Cios KJ, Teresinska A, Konieczna S, Potocka J, Sharma S. 2000. Diagnosing Myocardial Perfusion SPECT Bull's-eye Maps A Knowledge Discovery Approach. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, special issue on Medical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. 2000;19(4): 17-25.

          1094. Cios KJ, Moore GW. Medical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery: An Overview. Chapter 1. In: Cios KJ. Medical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 2000;:1-16.

          1095. Cios KJ, Moore GW. Uniqueness of Medical Data Mining. Artif Intell Med. 2002;:in press.

          1096. Cios KJ (ed). Medical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 2001. http://www.springer.de/cgi-bin/search_book.pl?isbn=3-7908-1340-0

          1097. Cios KJ, Kurgan LA. Trends in Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. Chapter in "Knowledge discovery in advanced information systems" by N.R. Pal, L. C. Jain, N. Teoderesku (eds.), Springer, to appear. 2002.

          1098. CRISP-DM, www.crisp-dm.org, 1998

          1099. Fayyad, U.M., Piatesky-Shapiro, G., Smyth, P., and Uthurusamy, R., Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, AAAi/MIT Press, 1996a

          1100. Fayyad, U.M., Piatetsky-Shapiro, G., and Smyth, P., Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining: towards a unifying framework, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD96), Portland, OR. AAAI Press, 1996b

          1101. Goebel, M., and Gruenwald, L., A Survey of Data Mining Software Tools, SIGKDD Explorations, 1(1), pp. 20-33, 1999

          1102. Friedman, C., Hripcsak, G.W. 1998. Evaluating natural language processors in the clinical domain. Meth Inform Med 37:334-344.

          1103. Goldner, M.G., Knatterud, G.L., Prout, T.E. 1971.Effects of hypoglycemic agents on vascular complications in patients with adult-onset diabetes. 3. Clinical implications of UGDP results. JAMA. 1971 Nov;218(9):1400-1410.

          1104. Informix Object Translator, http://www.informix.com/idn-secure/webtools/ot/, 2001

          1105. Kurgan, L.A., Cios, K.J., Tadeusiewicz, R., Ogiela, M. and Goodenday, L.S., Knowledge Discovery Approach to Automated Cardiac SPECT Diagnosis, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 23(2), pp. 149-169, 2001

          1106. Lai, H.C., FitzSimmons, S.C., Allen, D.B., Kosorok, M.R., Rosenstein, B. J., Campbell, P.W., Farrell, P. M. 2000. Risk of persistent growth impairment after alternate-day prednisone treatment in children with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 2000 Mar 23;342(12):851-859.

          1107. Manning, C. D., Schuetze, H. 2000. Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. 2000. ISBN 0262133601.

          1108. Mansour, E. G., Gray, R., Shatila, A. H., Osborne, C. K., Tormey, D. C., Gilchrist, K. W., Cooper, M. R., Falkson, G. 1989. Efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk node-negative breast cancer. An intergroup study. N Engl J Med. 1989 Feb 23;320(8):485-490.

          1109. McHugh, J., Abiteboul, S., Goldman, R., Quass, D., and Widom, J., Lore: a Database Management System for Semistructured Data, SIGMOD Record, 26(3), pp.54-66, 1997

          1110. Moore GW, Berman JJ. 2000. Anatomic Pathology Data Mining. Chapter 4. In: Cios KJ. Medical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 2000;:61-108.

          1111. Nagao, M. Machine Translation. 1992. In: Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, Shapiro SC (ed.). Volume 2. M-Z. New York: Wiley-Interscience. pp. 898-902

          1112. Native XML DBMS, http://www.rpbourret.com/xml/XMLDatabaseProds.htm, 2001

          1113. Oracle Data Mining Suite, Oracle Darwin, http://technet.oracle.com/products/datamining/htdocs/datasheet.htm, 2001

          1114. Pawlak Z. 1984. Rough classification. Int. Journal of Man-Machine Studies. 20: 469-483 Rennhackkamp, M., IBM's Intelligent Family, DBMS Magazine, http://www.dbmsmag.com/ 9808d17.html, August 1998

          1115. Pazzani, M.J., Knowledge discovery from data?, IEEE Intelligent Systems, pp.10-13, March/April 2000

          1116. Reinschmidt, J., Gottschalk, H., Kim, H., and Zwietering, D., Intelligent Miner for Data: Enhance Your Business Intelligence, IBM International Technical Support Organization (IBM Redbooks), IBM Corporation, 1999

          1117. Sacha, J.P., Cios, K.J., and Goodenday, L.S., Issues in Automating Cardiac SPECT Diagnosis. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, special issue on Medical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 19(4), pp. 78-88, 2000

          1118. Saul, J.M. 2000. Legal Policy and Security Issues in the Handling of Medical Data Chapter 2. In: Cios KJ. Medical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 17-31.

          1119. Schneier, B. 1996. Applied Cryptography. Second Edition. Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1996.

          1120. Schoening, H., Tamino-a DBMS Designed for XML. Proceedings of the Seventeenth IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering, pp.149-154, Los Alamos, CA, USA, 2001

          1121. Sweeney L.
    Computational Disclosure Control: A Primer on Data Privacy Protection. PhD Thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Spring, 2001. Draft.
    http://www.swiss.ai.mit.edu/classes/6.805/articles/privacy/sweeney-thesis-draft.pdf
    2000;:.

          1122. SQL Server Magazine, SQL Server Magazine: The XML files.
    http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/dnsqlmag2k/html/TheXMLFiles.asp.
    2000;:.

          1123. Tang Z, Kim P.
    Building Data Mining Solutions with SQL Server 2000.
    DM Review, White Paper Library.
    http://www.dmreview.com/whitepaper/wid292.pdf, 2001

          1124. UDDI, Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI) specification, version 2.0.
    http://www.uddi.org/
    2001;:.

          1125. U. S. National Library of Medicine.
    Unified Medical Language System. Knowledge Sources. 2002: 13th edition.
    http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls
    2002;13:.

          1126. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services.
    National Institutes of Health Statement on Data Sharing.
    http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-02-035..html
    2002;:.

          1127. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services.
    45 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations). Parts 160-164. Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information (Final Rule).
    Fed Regist. 2000 Dec 28; 65(250): 82461-82610.
    http://aspe.hhs.gov/admnsimp/

          1128. U. S. Code of Federal Regulations. 1991. 45 CFR Subtitle A (10-1-95 Edition), part 46.101 (b) (4). U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (Common Rule).
    56 Federal Register, June 18, 1991, volume 56, p. 28003.
    Fed Regist. 1991 Jun 18;56:28003.
    http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.htm

          1129. U. S. National Cancer Institute's Confidentiality Brochure.
    2000;:.
    http://www-cdp.ims.nci.nih.gov/policy.html

          1130. U. S. Food and Drug Administration. Delegations of authority and organization; Office of the Commissioner--FDA. Final rule.
    Fed Regist. 1991 Nov 21;56(225):58758.

          1131. U. S. Veterans Administration Co-operative Urological Research Group. Treatment and survival of patients with cancer of the prostate. The Veterans Administration Co-operative Urological Research Group. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1967 May;124(5):1011-1017.

          1132. XML and Access2002, Exploring XML and Access 2002.
    http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/dnacc2k2/html/odc_acxmllnk.asp
    2001;:.

          1133. Zadeh LA.
    Fuzzy sets and information granularity.
    In: Gupta MM et al. (eds).Advances in Fuzzy Set Theory and Applications. North Holland. 1979;:3-18.

          1134. Yaginuma Y.
    High-performance Data Mining System, Fujitsu Scientific and Technical Journal, Special Issue: Information Technologies in the Internet Era. 2000;36(2):201-210.

          1135. Zaiane OR, Han J, Li ZN, Hou J.
    Mining Multimedia Data.
    Proceedings of the CASCON'98: Meeting of Minds, Toronto, Canada. 1998;:83-96.

          1136. Alizadeh AA, Eisen MB, Davis RE, Ma C, Lossos IS, Rosenwald A, Boldrick JC, Sabet H, Tran T, Yu X, Powell JI, Yang L, Marti GE, Moore T, Hudson J Jr, Lu L, Lewis DB, Tibshirani R, Sherlock G, Chan WC, Greiner TC, Weisenburger DD, Armitage JO, Warnke R, Staudt LM, et al.
    Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling.
    Nature 2000 Feb 3;403(6769):503-511.
    Comment in: Nature. 2000 Apr 27;404(6781):921
    Nature. 2000 Feb 3;403(6769):491-2

          1137. Bittner M, Meltzer P, Chen Y, Jiang Y, Seftor E, Hendrix M, Radmacher M, Simon R, Yakhini Z, Ben-Dor A, Sampas N, Dougherty E, Wang E, Marincola F, Gooden C, Lueders J, Glatfelter A, Pollock P, Carpten J, Gillanders E, Leja D, Dietrich K, Beaudry C, Berens M, Alberts D, Sondak V.
    Molecular classification of cutaneous malignant melanoma by gene expression profiling.
    Nature 2000 Aug 3;406(6795):536-540.

          1138. Perrone EE, Theoharis C, Mucci NR, Hayasaka S, Taylor JM, Cooney KA, Rubin MA.
    Tissue microarray assessment of prostate cancer tumor proliferation in African- American and white men.
    J Natl Cancer Inst 2000 Jun 7;92(11):937-939.

          1139. Slater PE.
    Sutton's Law and AIDS prevention in Israel.
    Public Health Rev. 1993-1994;21(3-4):285-291; discussion 293-294.
    Comment in: Public Health Rev. 1993-94;21(3-4):295-296; discussion 305-307
    Public Health Rev. 1993-94;21(3-4):297-304; discussion 305-307

          1140. Kassirer JP, Kopelman RI.
    A fatal flaw in Sutton's law.
    Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1986 Apr 15;21(4):65, 69-70, 72-74.

          1141. Rytand DA.
    Sutton's or Dock's law?
    N Engl J Med 1980 Apr 24;302(17):972.

          1142. Richardson ML.
    Approaches To Differential Diagnosis In Musculoskeletal Imaging. Appendicular Arthritis.
    http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/appendiculararthritis.html
    "1. Sutton's Law. This law has been ascribed to Willie Sutton, a famous bank robber. When asked why he robbed banks, he reportedly said, "Because that's where the money is." In the radiographic evaluation of appendicular arthropathies, the "money" is generally in a relatively small handful of disorders. Even though over 90 different rheumatic diseases are recognized by the American Rheumatism Association, only three entities are commonly seen in most clinical radiology practices, even including those located in large tertiary medical centers. Osteoarthritis (a.k.a. degenerative joint disease) is the most commonly seen form of appendicular arthritis. The other two commonly seen arthropathies are rheumatoid arthritis and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) deposition disease....."

          1143. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man.
    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim

          1144. Levy S.
    Beating Big Brother. How Computer Rebels kept Government from Spying in You. Exclusive Book Excerpt.
    Newsweek. 2001 Jan 15;:42-52.
    Newsweek, Inc. 251 West 57th Street. New York, NY 10019-1894.

          1145. Levy S.
    Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government -- Saving Privacy in the Digital Age.
    New York: Viking Press. January 4, 2001.
    ISBN: 0670859508, 356 pages.

          1146. Pekka H, Castells M, Torvalds L.
    The Hacker Ethic.
    New York: Random House. January 30, 2001.
    ISBN: 0375505660, 288 pages.

          1147. Joseph DM, Wong RL.
    Correction of misspellings and typographical errors in a free-text medical English information storage and retrieval system.
    Methods Inf Med. 1979 Oct;18(4):228-234.

          1148. Justeson JS, Katz SM.
    Technical terminology: some linguistic properties and an algorithm for identification in text.
    Natural Language Engineering 1995;1:9-27.

          1149. Manning CD, Schuetze H.
    Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing.
    Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. ISBN: 0262133601. 2000.

          1150. Moore GW, Boitnott JK, Miller RE, Eggleston JC, Hutchins GM.
    Integrated anatomic pathology reporting system using natural language diagnoses.
    Modern Pathol 1988;1:44-50.

          1151. Moore GW, Miller RE, Hutchins GM.
    Indexing by MeSH titles of natural language pathology phrases identified on first encounter using the Barrier Word Method.
    In: Scherrer JR, Cote RA, Mandil SH, eds. Computerized Natural Medical Language Processing for Knowledge Representation. North-Holland. 1989;29-39.

          1152. Moore GW, Berman JJ, Hanzlick RL, Buchino JJ, Hutchins GM.
    A prototype internet autopsy database: 1625 consecutive fetal and neonatal autopsy facesheets spanning twenty years.
    Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1996;120:782-785.

          1153. Moore GW, Berman JJ.
    Anatomic Pathology Data Mining. Chapter 4.
    In: Cios KJ, ed. Medical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. 2000 (in press).

          1154. Tersmette KWF, Scott AF, Moore GW, Matheson NW, Miller RE.
    Barrier word method for detecting molecular biology multiple word terms.
    Proc 12th Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care. 1988;12:.

          1155. U. S. National Library of Medicine.
    UMLS Knowledge Sources. Thirteenth Edition. Unified Medical Language System.
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          1157. Wilbur WJ.
    Overview of Books at NCBI.
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          1158. Wong RL, Gaynon P.
    An automated parsing routine for diagnostic statements of surgical pathology reports.
    Methods Inf Med. 1971 Jul;10(3):168-175.

          1159. Wong RL, Reno JD, Hain TC, Platt RC, Gaynon PS, Joseph DM.
    Profile of a dictionary compiled from scanning over one million words of surgical pathology narrative text.
    Comput Biomed Res. 1980 Aug;13(4):382-398.

          1160. Zipf GK.
    Human Behavior and The Principle of Least Effort. An Introduction to Human Ecology.
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          1161. [Anonymous].
    Tongues of the Web.
    The Economist Technology Quarterly (London). 2002 Mar 16;:26-28.
    http://www.economist.com/forums/tq
    Machine translation: with its proliferating number of tongues, the Internet is giving MT, the use of computer to translate languages, a much-needed shot in the arm. The translation paradigm has shifted to greater acceptance of lower-quality translations, as long as the translation is FAST. Text-producers can also enforce some formatting and stylistic conventions, so that their works are machine-translatable.

          1162. Article describing google.com.

          1163. Article describing google.com.

          1164. Lowther F.
    AI's fundamental roadblock.
    The Economist Technology Quarterly (London).
    http://www.economist.com/forums/tq
    Artificial intelligence. After years in the wilderness, "AI" is poised to make a comeback. Will it be any more successful this time around?
    The Economist Technology Quarterly (London). 2002 Mar 16;:26-28.
    http://www.economist.com/forums/tq

          1165. Solomonides C.
    AI: a definition.
    The Economist Technology Quarterly (London). 2002 Mar 16;:26-28.
    http://www.economist.com/forums/tq

          1166. Treitel R.
    There are two kinds of AI. Say which one you mean.
    The Economist Technology Quarterly (London). 2002 Mar 16;:26-28.
    http://www.economist.com/forums/tq

          1167. Apps E. New Mining Industry Standards: Moving from Monks to the Mainstream. PC AI, 14(6), pp.46-50, 2000.

          1168. Banerjee S, Krishnamurthy V, Krishnaprasad M, Murthy R. Oracle8i - The XML Enabled Data Management System. Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference on Data Engineering. San Diego, California, 2000;16:561-568.

          1169. Bauer CJ. Data Mining Digs In. Special Advertising Recruitment Supplement to The Washington Post, Washington Post, Sunday, March 15, 1998.

          1170. Berman JJ, Moore GW, Hutchins GM. Maintaining patient confidentiality in the public domain Internet Autopsy Database (IAD). Proc AMIA Annu Fall Symp. 1996;:328-332.

          1171. Berman, J. J. 2002. Tissue Microarray Data Exchange Standards: Frequently Asked Questions: http://www.pathinfo.com/jjb/tmfaqv1.htm

          1172. Bray, T., Paoli, J., and Maler E., Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Second Edition), W3C Recommendation, http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xml-20001006, October 2000

          1173. Brewka. G., Dix. J., and Konolige. K. 1997. Nonmonotonic Reasoning: an Overview. CSLI Lecture Notes No. 73. ISBN 1-881526-83-6. 179 pages.

          1174. Büchner AG, Baumgarten M, Mulvenna MD, Böhm R, Anand SS. Data Mining and XML: Current and Future Issues, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering (WISE'00), pp. 127-131, Hong Kong, 2000

          1175. Cheng, J., and Xu, J., IBM DB2 Extender, Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference on Data Engineering, pp. 569-573, San Diego, California, 2000

          1176. Ceusters W. 2000. Medical Natural Language Understanding as a Supporting Technology for Data Mining in Healthcare. Chapter 3. In: Cios KJ (ed.). Medical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 32-60.

          1177. Changeux J.-P., Connes, A. 1995. Conversations on Mind, Matter, and Mathematics.DeBevoise M.B., translator. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

          1178. Cios, K.J., Pedrycz, W. and Swiniarski, R. 1998. Data Mining Methods for Knowledge Discovery. Kluwer, Boston

          1179. Cios K.J, Teresinska A., Konieczna S., Potocka J. and Sharma S. 2000. Diagnosing Myocardial Perfusion SPECT Bull's-eye Maps - A Knowledge Discovery Approach. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, special issue on Medical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 19(4): 17-25

          1180. Cios KJ and Moore GW. 2000. Medical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery: An Overview. Chapter 1. In: Cios KJ (ed.). Medical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 1-16.

          1181. Cios, K.J. (ed.). 2001, Medical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Springer, Heidelberg, http://www.springer.de/cgi-bin/search_book.pl?isbn=3-7908-1340-0

          1182. Cios K.J. and Kurgan L.A. 2002. Trends in Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. Chapter in "Knowledge discovery in advanced information systems" by N.R. Pal, L. C. Jain, N. Teodoresku (eds.), Springer, to appear

          1183. CRISP-DM, www.crisp-dm.org, 1998

          1184. Fayyad, U.M., Piatesky-Shapiro, G., Smyth, P., and Uthurusamy, R.. 1996a. Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, AAAi/MIT Press, Boston

          1185. Fayyad, U.M., Piatetsky-Shapiro, G., and Smyth, P. 1996b. Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining: towards a unifying framework, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD96), Portland, OR. AAAI Press

          1186. Friedman, C., Hripcsak, G.W. 1998. Evaluating natural language processors in the clinical domain. Meth Inform Med 37:334-344.

          1187. Goebel, M., and Gruenwald, L., A Survey of Data Mining Software Tools, SIGKDD Explorations, 1(1), pp. 20-33, 1999

          1188. Goldner, M.G., Knatterud, G.L., Prout, T.E. 1971.Effects of hypoglycemic agents on vascular complications in patients with adult-onset diabetes. 3. Clinical implications of UGDP results. JAMA. 1971 Nov;218(9):1400-1410.

          1189. Informix Object Translator, http://www.informix.com/idn-secure/webtools/ot/, 2001

          1190. Kurgan, L.A., Cios, K.J., Tadeusiewicz, R., Ogiela, M. and Goodenday, L.S., Knowledge Discovery Approach to Automated Cardiac SPECT Diagnosis, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 23(2), pp. 149-169, 2001

          1191. Lai, H.C., FitzSimmons, S.C., Allen, D.B., Kosorok, M.R., Rosenstein, B. J., Campbell, P.W., Farrell, P. M. 2000. Risk of persistent growth impairment after alternate-day prednisone treatment in children with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 2000 Mar 23;342(12):851-859

          1192.

          Manning CD, Schütze, H. 2000. Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

          1193. Mansour EG, Gray, R., Shatila, A. H., Osborne, C. K., Tormey, D. C., Gilchrist, K. W., Cooper, M. R., Falkson, G. 1989. Efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk node-negative breast cancer. An intergroup study. N Engl J Med. 1989 Feb 23;320(8):485-490.

          1194. McHugh J, Abiteboul S, Goldman R, Quass D, Widom J. Lore: a Database Management System for Semistructured Data, SIGMOD Record, 26(3), pp.54-66, 1997

          1196. Moore, G. W., Hutchins, G. M., Miller, R. E. 1986. Token swap test of significance for serial medical data bases. Am J Med. 80:182-190.

          1197. Moore, G.W., Berman, J.J., Hanzlick, R.L., Buchino, J.J., and Hutchins, G.M. 1996. A prototype Internet autopsy database. 1625 consecutive fetal and neonatal autopsy facesheets spanning 20 years. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 120:782-785.

          1198. Moore GW, Berman JJ.
    Anatomic Pathology Data Mining. Chapter 4.
    In: Cios KJ (ed.). Medical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 2000;4:61-108.

          1199. Nagao M.
    Machine Translation. 1992.
    In: Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, Shapiro SC (ed.). Volume 2. M-Z. New York: Wiley-Interscience. pp. 898-902

          1200. Native XML DBMS, http://www.rpbourret.com/xml/XMLDatabaseProds.htm, 2001

          1201. Oracle Data Mining Suite, Oracle Darwin (R),

    http://technet.oracle.com/products/datamining/htdocs/datasheet.htm, 2001

          1202. Pawlak Z. 1984. Rough classification. Int. Journal of Man-Machine Studies. 20: 469-483

          1203. Rennhackkamp, M., IBM's Intelligent Family, DBMS Magazine, http://www.dbmsmag.com/ 9808d17.html, August 1998

          Pazzani, M.J., Knowledge discovery from data?, IEEE Intelligent Systems, pp.10-13, March/April 2000

          1204. Reinschmidt, J., Gottschalk, H., Kim, H., and Zwietering, D., Intelligent Miner for Data: Enhance Your Business Intelligence, IBM International Technical Support Organization (IBM Redbooks), IBM Corporation, 1999

          1205. Sacha, J.P., Cios, K.J., and Goodenday, L.S. 2000. Issues in Automating Cardiac SPECT Diagnosis. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 19(4), pp. 78-88

          1206. Saul, J.M. 2000. Legal Policy and Security Issues in the Handling of Medical Data Chapter 2. In: Cios KJ. Medical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 17-31.

          1207. Schneier, B. 1996. Applied Cryptography. Second Edition. Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1996.

          1208. Schoening, H., Tamino-a DBMS Designed for XML. Proceedings of the Seventeenth IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering, pp.149-154, Los Alamos, CA, USA, 2001

          1209. Sweeney,.L. 2001. Computational Disclosure Control: A Primer on Data Privacy Protection. PhD Thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Spring, 2001. Draft. http://www.swiss.ai.mit.edu/classes/6.805/articles/privacy/sweeney-thesis-draft.pdf

          1210. SQL Server Magazine, SQL Server Magazine: The XML files, http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/dnsqlmag2k/html/TheXMLFiles.asp, 2000

          1211. Tang, Z., Kim, P., Building Data Mining Solutions with SQL Server 2000. DM Review, White Paper Library, http://www.dmreview.com/whitepaper/wid292.pdf, 2001

          1212. UDDI, Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI) specification, version 2.0, http://www.uddi.org/, 2001

          1213. U. S. National Library of Medicine. 2002a. Unified Medical Language System. Knowledge Sources. 2002: 13th edition. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls

          1214. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2002b. National Institutes of Health Statement on Data Sharing. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-02-035..html

          1215. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2000a. 45 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations). Parts 160-164. Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information (Final Rule). Fed Regist. 2000 Dec 28; 65(250): 82461-82610. http://aspe.hhs.gov/admnsimp/

          1216. U. S. Code of Federal Regulations. 1991a. 45 CFR Subtitle A (10-1-95 Edition), part 46.101 (b) (4). U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (Common Rule). 56 Federal Register, June 18, 1991, volume 56, p. 28003. http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.htm

          1217. U. S. National Cancer Institute's Confidentiality Brochure. 2000b. http://www-cdp.ims.nci.nih.gov/policy.html

          1218. U. S. Food and Drug Administration. 1991b. Delegations of authority and organization; Office of the Commissioner--FDA. Final rule. Fed Regist. 1991 Nov 21;56(225):58758.

          1219. U. S. Veterans Administration Co-operative Urological Research Group. 1967. Treatment and survival of patients with cancer of the prostate. The Veterans Administration Co-operative Urological Research Group. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1967 May;124(5):1011-1017.

          1220. XML and Access2002, Exploring XML and Access 2002, http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/dnacc2k2/html/odc_acxmllnk.asp, 2001

          1221. Zadeh, L. A. 1979. Fuzzy sets and information granularity. In: Gupta MM et al. (eds.). Advances in Fuzzy Set Theory and Applications.North Holland, Dordrecht, pp. 3-18.

          1222. Yaginuma, Y., High-performance Data Mining System, Fujitsu Scientific and Technical Journal, Special Issue: Information Technologies in the Internet Era, 36(2), pp.201-210, 2000

          1223. Zaiane OR, Han J, Li ZN, Hou J.
    Mining Multimedia Data.
    Proceedings of the CASCON'98: Meeting of Minds, Toronto, Canada, 1998, pp. 83-96, 1998;:83-96.

          1230. The Twelve Days of Christmas,
    http://www.cin.org/twelvday.html
    Actually, a mnemonic for Roman Catholic numerology.

          1231. SOUNDEX resources.
    http://www.google.com/
    Enter SOUNDEX in the search box, and hit ENTER.

          1232. Mokotoff G.
    Soundexing and Genealogy.
    http://www.avotaynu.com/soundex.html

          1233. Mormon Soundex.
    http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~btphelps/bom/
    Click on THE SOUNDEX MACHINE.
    Cited at this website: Free Brochure. This essay is based on "Using the Census Soundex," General Information Leaflet 55 (Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, 1995), a free brochure available from inquire@nara.gov (include your name, postal address, and "GIL 55 please").

          1234. Alighieri D.
    The Divine Comedy, I. Inferno. Part 2.
    Charles Singleton (Translator). Paperback: 712 pages.
    Princeton NJ: Princeton Univ Press.
    ISBN: 0691018952. commentary edition (February 1, 1990).

          1235. Taft RL.
    Name Search Techniques.
    Bureau of Systems Development. New York State Identification and Intelligence System. Albany, New York, 1984.

          1237. Hippocrates.
    Hippocrates. Volume I.
    Jones WHS, transl. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1923.
    ISBN 0-674-99162-1, 361 pages.
    Includes Hippocrates' Oath, with explanatory notes.



          1238. Euclid. Greek Mathematics.
    Goold GP, ed. Thomas I transl.
    Loeb Classical Library. #335. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1939.
    ISBN 0-674-99369-1, 511 pages.



          1239. Levy S.
    Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government -- Saving Privacy in the Digital Age.
    New York: Viking Press. January 4, 2001.
    ISBN: 0670859508, 356 pages.

          1240. Schneier B.
    Applied Cryptography, Second Edition. Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C.
    New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1996;:.
    ISBN 0-471-12845-7, 758 pages.

          1241. Rivest RL.
    R. L. RIVEST'S CRYPTOGRAPHY AND SECURITY PAGE.
    http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~rivest/crypto-security.html
    Prof. Rivest is the R in the RSA public-private cryptography algorithm, one of the intellectual masterpieces of this century.

          1242. Lemay L, Tyler D.
    Teach Yourself Web Publishing with HTML 4 in 21 days.
    Indianapolis, IN: Sams. A division of Macmillan Computer Publishing. 201 West 103rd St, Indianapolis, IN 46290. October, 1998.
    ISBN: 0-672-31345-6.

          1243. Simpson A.
    HTML Publishing Bible, Windows 95 Edition.
    Foster City, CA: IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. 1996.

          1244. Till D.
    Teach Yourself Perl 5 in 21 days. Second edition.
    Indianapolis, IN: Sams Publishing. 1996.

          1245. 15. Orwant J, Hietaniemi J, Macdonald J.
    Mastering Algorithms with Perl.
    Cambridge: O'Reilly. 1999.
    ISBN 1-56592-398-7, 684 pages.

          1246. Berman JJ.
    Perl for Pathologists.
    http://www.pathinfo.com/
    Scroll to the bottom of the page. Click on PERL for Pathologists.
    This is a fantastically simple, straightforward introduction to Perl, written by one of my colleagues.

          1246. De Roo, James R. 2001 Kanji. Structure Analysis. Association Method. Fully Cross Referenced. Fast Visual Index. 1980: Bonjinsha, Tokyo.
    Bonjinsha Distribution Center. JAC Building.
    5-5-35 Konan, Minato-ku, TOKYO 108 JAPAN.
    011=Tel Intl Access; 81=Japan; 3=Tokyo.
    Voice: 011-81-3-472-2240.
    Fax: 011-81-3-472-2129.

          1247. Japan Travel Bureau, Inc. Illustrated Japanese Characters.
    1991: Japan: Japan Travel Bureau, Inc.
         

          1248. Hamilton E.
    Mythology. Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes.
    1940: New York: Meridian, published by the Penguin Group.
    For information, address Little, Brown & Company, 34 Beacon Street, Boston MA 02106.

          1249. Chansigaud JP, Criscuolo JL, Kamina P.
    Evolution de la courbure du rachis cervical in utero. Essai d'interpretation.


          1250. Moore GW, Hutchins GM, Bulkley BH.
    Certainty levels in the nullity method of symbolic logic: application to the pathogenesis of congenital heart malformations.
    J Theor Biol. 1979 Jan 7;76(1):53-81.
    PMID: 431088; UI: 79155294.
    PubMed Entry

          1251. Moore GW, Hutchins GM.
    Effort and demand logic in medical decision making.
    Metamedicine 1:277-304, 1980.

          1252. Editorial: Moore GW, Hutchins GM.
    The persistent importance of autopsies.
    Mayo Clin Proc. 2000 Jun;75(6):557-558.

          1253. Seife C.
    Zero. The Biography of a Dangerous Idea.
    London: Penguin Books. 2000.
    ISBN: 0-670-88457-X, 248 pages.
    Reviewed by Moore GW in: Neurocomputing. 2001 Jan;42(1):335.

          1254. Stewart I.
    Flatterland. Like Flatland. Only More So.
    Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing. 2001.
    ISBN 0-7382-0442-0, 301 pages.
    Reviewed by Moore GW in: Neurocomputing. 2001 Jan;42(1):337.

          1255. Casti JL, DePauli W.
    Gödel. A Life of Logic.
    Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing. 2000.
    ISBN 0-7382-0274-6, 210 pages.
    Reviewed by Moore GW in: Neurocomputing. 2001 Jan;42(1):331.

          1256. Aleksandr I, Morton H.
    An Introduction to Neural Computing. Second Edition.
    London: International Thomson Computer Press. 1995.
    ISBN 1-85032-167-1, 284 pages.
    Reviewed by Moore GW in: Neurocomputing. 2001 Jan;42(1):337.

          1258. Scarborough D, Sternberg S.
    Methods, Models, and Conceptual Issues. An Invitation to Cognitive Science. Volume 4.
    Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 1998.
    ISBN 0-262-65946-0, 950 pages.
    Reviewed by Moore GW in: Neurocomputing. 2001;:in press.

          1259. Changeux J-P, Connes A.
    Conversations on Mind, Matter, and Mathematics
    Ed & Transl: DeBevoise MB. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1995.
    ISBN 0-691-08759-8, 260 pages.
    Reviewed by Moore GW in: Neurocomputing. 2001;:in press.

          1260. Moore GW, Berman JJ.
    Anatomic Pathology Data Mining.
    Chapter 4. In: Cios KJ. Medical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. Berlin: Springer Verlag. 2000;4:61-107.
    ISBN: 3-7908-1340-0, 502 pages.
    Published within the series: "Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing", Physica-Verlag Heidelberg, a Springer-Verlag Company.

          1261. Cios KJ, Moore GW.
    Medical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery: Overview.
    Chapter 1. In: Cios KJ. Medical Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. Berlin: Springer Verlag. 2000;1:1-16.
    ISBN: 3-7908-1340-0, 502 pages.
    Published within the series: "Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing", Physica-Verlag Heidelberg, a Springer-Verlag Company.

          1262. Schiff M.
    Radio Eriwan Antwortet. [German: Radio Yerevan Responds.] Mit Illustrationen von Steiger I.
    Frankfurt a. M., Germany: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. 1969;:.
    ISBN 3-436-01535-0, 122 pages.
    Mr Schiff and Mr Steiger were both raised in Czechoslovakia, where they had first-hand exposure to everyday communist life.

          1263. Moore GW, Hutchins GM.
    Effort and demand logic in medical decision making.
    Metamedicine 1980;1:277-304.

          1264. Hockey S.
    Textual Databases.
    Chapter 4, in: Lawler J, Dry HA, eds. Using Computers in Linguistics : A Practical Guide.
    London: Routledge.
    ISBN: 0415167930 . 1998.

          1265. Hockey S.
    A Guide to Computer Applications in the Humanities.
    Chapter 8. Sound Patterns. pp.168-188.
    Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Univ Press. 1980.
    ISBN 0-8018-2891-0, 248 pages.
    Cited: Ott W. Metrical Analysis of Latin Hexameter by Computer. Revue 4:7-24, 1966.
    Cited: Greenberg NA. Scansion Purement Automatique de l'Hexamère Dactylique. Revue 1967;3:1-25.

    This book contains the chapter about the meter of Virgil's Aeneid. The computer program successfully scanned 95% of hexameters, by recognizing the usual conventions for long and short vowels, as well as elisions, such as "-que" before a vowel. In 3-4% of sentences, more than one scansion was proposed by the computer program, and in 1-2% of sentences, the scansion was abandoned by the computer program, and it was determined that Virgil had not obeyed the rules. In about 5% of lines with an equivocal scansion, it was determined that the equivocal vowel-weight (such as a first-declension nominative (short) versus ablative (long)) had to be determined from the semantic context.

    Analyses of Homer's Odyssey and Aristotle's Nicomachean and Eudemean Ethics and Plato's Seventh Letter and Apology are also discussed in this book. An early analysis of 440 lines from Homer's Odyssey found eight false scansions, but manual analysis of these lines revealed that there were special semantic circumstances that allowed the usual scansion rules to be RELAXED.

    According to a retired professor of mathematics, a naturalized Greek-American citizen, a similar finding was found in the works of Aeschylus, regarded as the greatest of all Greek poets. Again, in lines with fall scansions, there were special semantic circumstances, such as exclamations of great joy or horror, that allowed the usual scansion rules to be relaxed.

          1266. Tymoczko T.
    New Directions in the Philosophy of Mathematics.
    Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1998.
    Foundations. Plato's Ideals. Hilbert's Formalism. Brouwer's Intuitionism. Quasi-emperical mathematics. "Gödel was the last, great Platonist."

          1267. Lee K-B.
    A New History of Korea.
    Trnsl: Wagner EW, Shultz EJ.
    Cambridge, MA: Harvard-Yenching Institute for Harvard University Press. 1984;:.
    ISBN 0-674-61575-X, 474 pages.

          1268. Stegmueller W.
    ABC der Logik.
    A really fabulous book about the elements of symbolic logic.

          1269. Bourbaki N.
    Topologie Ge/ne/rale.

    The legendary Nicholas Bourbaki, a Greek general in the liberation of Greece from Turkey, and the name taken by a society of pre-World-War-II mathematicians, who foresaw the end of French civilization (and, therefore, mathematics) with the rise of Hitler. N. Bourbaki, that is, the society, wrote a series of books, in French, that sought to cover the entire field of mathematics, for future generations. Fortunately, Hitler was defeated, but the publications of Bourbaki continued.

          1270. Asimov I.
    Isaac Asimov: The Complete Stories.

    ISBN 038541627X, pages.

          1271. Wiesel E.
    Night.
    Trnsl. by Rodway S. New York: Bantam Books. 1960;:.
    ISBN 0-553-27253-5, 109 pages.


          1272. Cliffs Notes on Elie Wiesel's Night.
    Riess M.
    New York: Wiley Publishing Inc. 2000;:.
    ISBN 0-8220-0893-9, 71 pages.
    Page 67: Quote from Martin Niemoller, Lutheran minister in Germany during the Hitler era:
    In Germany they first came for the Communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics, and I didn't speak up because I was a Protestant. Then they came for me--and by that time no one was left to speak up.

          1273. Campbell W.
    Forty Acres and a Goat: A Memoir.

    ISBN 0-971-89740-9, pages.

          1274. Buck PS.
    The Good Earth.
    New York: Washington Square Press. 1931;:.
    ISBN 0-671-50437-1, 260.

          1275. Kohlengerger JR iii, ed.
    The Concise Concordance to the New Revised Standard Version.
    Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1993;:.
    ISBN not stated, pages not numbered.

          1276. Johnson S.
    Who Moved My Cheese?
    Frwd by Blanchard K.
    New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1998;:.
    ISBN 0-399-14446-3, 95 pages.

          1277. Reischauer EO.
    The Japanese.
    Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 1977;:.
    ISBN 0-674-4718-4, 443, pages.

          1278. Dreyfus H. What Computers Can't Do.

          1280. Sternberg SS, ed. Antonioli DA, Carter D, Eggleston JC, Mills SE, Oberman H, assoc eds.
    Diagnostic Surgical Pathology.
    New York: Raven Press. 1989;:.
    ISBN 0-88167-442-7, 1776 pages, 2 vols.
    Surgical pathology with a strong emphasis on diagnosis and differential diagnosis from clinical and morphologic findings. Rich in differential diagnosis tables and photographs.

          1281. Lever W, Schaumburg-Lever G.
    Histopathology of the Skin. Seventh edition.
    Philadelphia: J.B.Lippincott Company. 1990;:.
    ISBN 0-397-50868-9, 940 pages.
    The seventh edition is a vast improvement on previous editions, which lacked many diseases commonly seen in dermatopathologic practice. An eighth edition is now available.

          1282. Enzinger FM, Weiss SW.
    Soft Tissue Tumors. Second Edition.
    St Louis: C.V.Mosby Company. 1988;:.
    ISBN 0-8016-1902-5, 989 pages.
    The definitive text on soft tissue tumors.

          1283. Baggaley A, ed.
    Human Body. An illustrated guide to every part of the human body and how it works.
    London: Dorling Kindersley Limited. 2001;:.
    ISBN 0-78994-7988-5, 448 pages.


          1284. Lemay L, Tyler D.
    SAMS Teach Yourself Web Publishing with HTML4 in 21 Days.
    Indianapolis, IN: SAMS. A division of Macmillan Computer Publishing. 1998;:.
    ISBN 0-672-31345-6, 795 pages.


          1285. Owen DA, Kelly JK.
    Atlas of Gastrointestinal Pathology.
    Philadelphia: W.B.Saunders Company. A division of Harcourt Brace & Company. 1994;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-6730-9, 258 pages.


          1286. Percy C, Van Holten V, Muir C.
    International Classification of Diseases for Oncology. Second Edition.
    Geneva: World Health Organization. 1990;:.
    ISBN 92-4-154414-7, 144 pages.


          1287. Rothwell DJ, Cote RA, Brochu L.
    The systematized Nomenclature of Human and Veterinary Medicine. SNOMED International. Microglossary for Pathology.
    Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists. 1993;:.
    ISBN not stated, 475 pages.
    "Arguments for not making the switch to SNOMED International are principally familiarity with the old system and the cost of conversion. Although many of the current systems have been extended and modified to meet individual user needs, they lack the standardization and depth of SNOMED and are unsuitable for data exchange between individual institutions or individual units.
          "Specific guidelines must be established by each institution to define how an entity with more than one possible SNOMED code will be coded.... The recommendation is to establish a convention for your own institution and adhere to it. p. 8.
          GWM's note: This is a remarkable statement, considering that SNOMED is first recommended for inter-institutional data exchange, and then each institution is advised to use its own local standards for coding!!

          1288. Staff of Research and Education Association, Fogiel M, director.
    The Statistics Problem Solver(R). A Complete Solution Guide to Any Textbook.
    Piscataway, NJ: Research and Education Association. 1994;:.
    ISBN 0-87891-515-X, 1045 pages.


          1289. von Neumann J.
    The Computer and the Brain.
    New Haven: Yale University Press. 1958;:.
    ISBN not stated, 82 pages.


          1290. Zalman JF.
    Biostatistics. Experimental Design and Statistical Inference.
    New York: Oxford University Press. 1993;:.
    ISBN 0-19-507810-1, 343 pages.


          1291. Walker EA.
    Introduction to Abstract Algebra.
    New York: Random House. The Random House/Birkhaeuser Mathematics Series. 1987;:.
    ISBN 0-394-35611-X, 355 pages.


          1292. Gibbon EF.
    The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
    Abridgment by Low DM. Volumes 1, 2, 3. New York: Washington Square Press, Inc. 1962, 1163 pages.


          1293. Collins KA, Hutchins GM, eds. Tursky CL, CAP editor and designer.
    Autopsy Performance & Reporting. Second Edition.
    Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists (CAP). 2003:;.
    ISBN 0-930304-78-0, 397 pages.


          1294. Hutchins GM, Berman JJ, Moore GW, Hanzlick RL, Collins KA, Members of the Autopsy Committee of the College of American Pathologists.
    Autopsy Reporting. Chapter 28.
    in: Collins KA, Hutchins GM, eds. Tursky CL, CAP editor and designer. Autopsy Performance & Reporting. Second Edition.
    Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists (CAP). 2003:;265-274.
    ISBN 0-930304-78-0, 397 pages.

          1295. Moore GW.
    Computer-based Indexing. Chapter 32.
    in: Collins KA, Hutchins GM, eds. Tursky CL, CAP editor and designer. Autopsy Performance & Reporting. Second Edition.
    Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists (CAP). 2003:;313-323.
    ISBN 0-930304-78-0, 397 pages.

          1296. Ten Boom C, with Sherrill J, Sherrill E.
    The Hiding Place. The Triumphant True Story of Corrie Ten Boom.
    New York: Bantam Books. 1971;:.
    ISBN 0-553-25669-6, 241 pages.
    A beautifully written description of the response of one humble family, living in the sleepy town of Haarlem, Netherlands, to Hitler's occupation of the Netherlands and his attempt to exterminate Dutch Jews. The book starts slow, but don't be discouraged. After fifty pages, you won't be able to put it down.

          1297. Aaseng N.
    Navajo Code Talkers. America's Secret Weapon in World War II.
    Fwd by Hawthorne RO. New York: Walker & Company. 1992;:.
    ISBN 0-8027-7627-2, 114 pages.


          1298. Bliss E jr.
    Beyond the Stone Arches. An American Missionary Doctor in China. 1892-1932.
    New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2001;:.
    ISBN 0-471-39759-8, 246 pages.
    "In 1892--during the latter days of the Qing Dynasty-- a 26-year-old Massachusetts native embarked on a dramatic journey to an outpost in feudal China. The man's name was Edward Bliss, and it was in the impoverished walled city of Shaouwa that he fulfilled his dream of becoming a medical missionary and emerged as a true American hero.

    In this inspired and reveting read, ... Edward Bliss Jr tells the remarkable story of this courageous pioneer who selflessly risked his life to serve others...." [from the dust jacket].

          1299. Irving J.
    The Cider House Rules.
    New York: Ballantine Publishing Group. 1985;:.
    ISBN 0-345-38765-1, 598 pages.


          1300. Freund JE, Williams FJ.
    Dictionary/Outline of Basic Statistics.
    New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 1966;:.
    ISBN 0-486-66796-0, 195 pages


          1301. Seyffert O. Nettleship H, Sandys JE, eds.
    Dictionary of Classical Antiquities.
    New York: The World Publishing Company. 1956;:.
    ISBN not stated, 716 pages
    "Dr. Oskar Seyffert was a distinguished Latin schoar in Berlin and one of the editors of Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift. The first edition of the English translation of Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. appeared in 1891."

          1302. Chesterton GK.
    The Everlasting Man.
    San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 1925;:.
    ISBN 0-89870-444-8, 276 pages
    Written in the pompous, arrogant style characteristic of British writers in the early 20th century. Very difficult to plough through pages of admittedly elegant but terminally flowery prose to get to his message. After enduring about 50 pages of his denunciation of the theory of evolution, I gave up. Apparently his message is that its OK to brutalize animals, because animals don't have a soul. The Roman Catholic equivalent of C. S. Lewis, an equally pompous, overeducated early 20th century British apologist for the Anglican Church. I wish I could just shake these guys, and ask for the executive summary. Surely amid all this verbiage, there must be a nubbin of valuable truth.

          1303. Walker A.
    The Color Purple.
    New York: Pocket Books/Washington Square Press. 1982;:.
    ISBN 0-671-61702-8, 295 pages.
    I can't stand prose written in local dialect, since I must slow down and enunciate all the words before I understand what the author is saying. I have the same objection to Thomas Hardy and Wessex dialect, and to James Joyce and misspellings. [Yes, I know, some scholars consider the misspellings intentional and meaningful. These people have too much time on their hands to speculate about trash.] What's the big deal about using standard, easily readable English? It must be awful for English-as-a-second-language readers to plough through this stuff. If you don't appreciate a literary pipsqueak like me criticizing the Nobel Committee and the Pulitzer Committee, then stop reading here.

          1304. Kushner H.
    The Meaning of Life...

    ISBN , pages
    This is a worthy successor to Kushner's other classic, When Bad Things Happen to Good People. There's a superb paragraph in which Kushner recalls a college English literature examination, where the exam question was: What literary work, generally regarded as a classic, did you not like? Then, you turn the examination page, and the next question is: What deficiency in your own personality make you unable to appreciate this work?

          1305. Kushner H.
    When Bad Things Happen to Good People.

    ISBN , pages
    Kushner is my theologian. After suffering through a youth and adolescence with Saint Paul's Letter to the Romans and Saint Augustine's City of God, and far too many Christian preachers who took these saints way too seriously, at last a sensible explanation for the central question of religion. Sadly, Rabbi Kushner had to loose his son, Adam, to a congenital disease (progeria, or Gilford-Hutchinson's disease, premature aging) to reach the valuable conclusions in this slender volume. Rabbi Kushner once gave a talk at Johns Hopkins Hospital after publication of this book, and it was a standing-room-only of caregivers who face this question every day.

          1306. Chaucer G.
    The Canterbury Tales.
    New York: Avenel Press. Oxford World's Classics. 1389:;, 1906:;.
    ISBN 0-517-60615-1, 632 pages.
    First written in 1386-1389 by Geoffrey Chaucer. and first published in 1906 in Oxford World's Classics. A helpful dictionary of Middle English is attached.

    "Whan that Aprille with his shoure\s sote
    The droghte of Marche had perce\d to the rote,
    And bathe\d every veyne in swiche liquor,
    Of which vertu engendered is the flour;
    Whan Zephirus eek with his swete\ breeth
    Inspire\d hath in every holt and heeth
    The tendre\ croppe\s and the yonge\ sonne
    Hath in the Ram his halfe\ cours y-ronne,
    And smale\ fowle\s maken melodye,
    That slepen al the night with open ye:,
    (So priketh hem nature in hir corages):
    Than longen folk to goon on pilgrimages...."

    A little knowledge of German, French, and mythology is helpful to understand this: vertu=vraiment=truly, holt=Holz=wood, flour=fleur=flower, y-ronne=geronnen=ran, maken=machen=make, slepen=schlafen=sleep, corages=coeurs=hearts, goon=gehen=go, Zephyr= Greek god of the west wind, Ram = Aries astrological period.

          1307. Chaucer G.
    The Canterbury Tales.
    Trnsl by Lumiansky RM. New York: Washington Square Press/Pocket Books. 1971:;.
    ISBN 671-47502-0, 383 pages.


          1308. Chaucer G.
    The Canterbury Tales.
    Trnsl Coghill N. Baltimore, MD: The Penguin Classics. Penguin Books.
    ISBN not stated, 521 pages.


          1309. Caesar GJ.
    De Bello Gallico. [On The Gallic Wars.]
    Publisher not stated.
    ISBN not stated, 190 pages.
    "Liber Primus. 1. Gallia est in omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua' Celtae, nostra' Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua', institutis, legibus inter se differunt...."

    Author: Gaius Julius Caesar, ...-44 BC. [alternatively: Caius Iulius Caesar, C. Iulius Caesar.] First emperor of Rome, or Princeps [=first head, from which Prince is derived]. This account of Caesar's conquest of Gaul (=France) is short and relatively easy-to-read, suitable for both modestly literate Roman politicians (Caesar's purpose) and second-year Latin students.

          1310. Hill AB.
    Principles of Medical Statistics. Fifth Edition.
    New York: Oxford University Press. 1952;:.
    ISBN not stated, 282 pages.


          1311. Hadamard J.
    An Essay on the Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field.
    New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 1945;:.
    ISBN 0-486-20107-4, 145 pages.


          1312. MacMahon B, Trichopoulos D.
    Epidemiology. Principles and Methods. Second Edition.
    Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 1996;:.
    ISBN 0-316-54222-9, 347 pages.


          1313. Lewis CI, Langford CH.
    Symbolic Logic. Second Edition.
    New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 1932;:.
    ISBN 0-486-60170-6, 518 pages.


    1314. Flanagan D.
    Javascript. The definitive guide. Second Edition.
    Cambridge: O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. 1997;:.
    ISBN 1-56592-234-4, 647 pages.


    1315. Ball WWR.
    A Short Account of the History of Mathematics. Fourth Edition.
    New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 1908:;, 1960:;.
    ISBN 0-486-20630-0, 522 pages.
    Includes the schools of the Egyptians, Phoenicians, and ancient Greeks, through the 19th century mathematicians such as Hermite, Galois, Lie, and Riemann.

    1316. Hines WW, Montgomery DC.
    Probability and Statistics in Engineering and Management Science.
    New York: Ronald Press Company. 1972;:.
    ISBN not stated, 509 pages.
    1317.

    Beckmann P.
    A History of Pi.
    New York: St. Martin's Press. 1971;:.
    ISBN not stated, 200 pages.
    Includes excerpts from Galileo's confession.

    1318. Downing D, Clark J.
    Statistics The Easy Way. Second Edition.
    New York: Barron's Educational Series, Inc. 1989:;.
    ISBN 0-8120-4196-8, 330 pages.


    1319. Ovid.
    Metamorphoses. In Two Volumes. Books I-VIII.
    Engl Transl by Miller FJ. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1916:;, 1960.
    ISBN not stated, 467 pages.
    Author: Publius Ovidius Naso ["The Nose"]. A book of transformations from one creature to another.

    1320. Ovid.
    The Metamorphoses of Ovid.
    Engl Transl by Innes MM. Penguin Books. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd. 1955:;, 1964:;.
    ISBN not stated, 364 pages.


          1321. Kafka F.
    Die Verwandlung. [The Metamorphosis.]

    ISBN , pages.

    Opening Line: Als Gregor Samsa eines Morgens aus unruhigen Traeumen erwachte, fand er sich in einem ungeheuren Ungeziefer verwandelt.
    German: When Gregor Samsa awakened one morning from restless dreams, he found himself transformed into a giant vermin.
    Gregor Samsa, the protagonist, is transformed/metamorphosed into a giant bug of undetermined

    A worthy existential successor to Ovid's classic of a similar name. The similar name is misleading: scholars tell us that Verwandlung also refers to the change-of-scenes in a theater production. In any event, none of Ovid's characters changed from a human into a repulsive bug.

    Believe it or not, there has been a lively scholarly inquiry into the species of this bug. Cockroach and dung-beetle (Mistkaefer) are two candidates, but these species do not fit Kafka's rather detailed description of the bug's morphology.

    The story's alienation is that of Gregor Samsa being cast out of his family, as an object of repulsion. Kafka was a Czech Jew, originally growing up in a rural area, whose family came to Christian Prague, in the early 20th century, in the shadow of Adolf Hitler. Kafka was pressured by his father to pursue a career in law, but instead became an existential writer, entirely in the German language. Kafka had a failed courtship, and died in his early thirties from tuberculosis. His home, where he wrote many of his greatest works, is a shrine maintained in the old city, and part of the

          1322. Hodgman CD, Weast RC, Selby SM, eds.
    Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. A ready-reference book of Chemical and Physical Data. Forty-second edition.
    Cleveland, OH: The Chemical Rubber Publishing Co. 1914:;, 1960.
    ISBN not stated, 3481 pages.


          1323. Kuhn TS.
    The Structure of Scientific Revoluations.
    Chicago: Phoenix Books. The University of Chicago Press. 1982:;.
    ISBN not stated, 172 pages.


          1324. Croxton FE.
    Elementary Statistcs. With Applications in Medicine and the Biological Sciences.
    New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 1953;:.
    ISBN not stated, 376 pages.


          1325. Blech B.
    The Complete Idiot's Guide to Jewish History and Culture.
    New York: Alpha Books. A Division of Macmillan General Reference. A Simon & Schuster Macmillan Company. 1999;:.
    ISBN 0-02862711-3, 406 pages.


          1326. Bernays P.
    Axiomatic Set Theory.
    New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 1968;:.
    ISBN 0-486-66637-9, 227 pages.


          1327. Chomsky N.
    Language and Mind. Enlarged Edition.
    San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers. 1968;:, - 1972;:.
    ISBN 0-15-549257-8, 194 pages.


          1328. Frank A.
    Het Achterhuis. Dagboekbrieven 12 Juni 1942 - 1 Augustus 1944.
    Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Bert Bakker. 1992;:.
    ISBN 90-351-0999-6, 301 pages.


          1329. Patterson EM.
    Topology.
    Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. 1956;:.
    ISBN not stated, 128 pages.


          1330. Golden A.
    Memoirs of a Geisha.
    New York: Vintage Contemporaries. Vintage Books. A Division of Random House, Inc. 1997;:.
    ISBN 0-679-78158-7, 434 pages.


          1331. Asimov I.
    I, Robot.
    New York: Bantam Books. A Division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing, Inc. 1997;:.
    ISBN 0-553-29438-5, 272 pages.


          1332. Kendall MG.
    Rank Correlation Methods.
    New York: Hafner Publishing Company. 1962;:.
    ISBN not stated, 199 pages.


          1333. Noether GE.
    Introduction to Statistics. A Nonparametric Approach. Second Edition.
    Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1976;:.
    ISBN 0-395-18578-5, 292 pages.


          1334. Lauwerier H.
    Fractals. Endlessly Repeated Geometrical Figures.
    Trnsl by Gill-Hoffstaedt S. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Science Library. Princeton University Press. 1991;:.
    ISBN 0-691-02445-6, 209 pages.


          1335. Wilkins R, ed.
    The Doctor's Quotation Book. A Medical Miscellany.
    New York: Barnes and Noble Books. 1992;:.
    ISBN 0-88029-881-2, 96 pages.


          1336. Caldwell T.
    Dear and Glorious Physician.
    Cutchogue, NY: Buccaneer Books. 1959;:.
    ISBN 1-56849-242-1, 574 pages.
    A fictionalized account of the life of Saint Luke.

          1337. Keedy ML.
    Number Systems: A Modern Introduction.
    Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. 1965;:.
    ISBN not stated, 226 pages.


          1338. Baer E.
    Medical Semiotics.
    Deely J, Williams B, eds. Sources in Semiotics, vol 7. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. 1988;:.
    ISBN 0-8191-6706-1, 426 pages.


          1339. Harary F, ed.
    Topics in Graph Theory.
    New York: New York Academy of Sciences 1979;328:1-206.
    ISBN 0-89766-028-5, 208 pages.


          1340. Langley R.
    Practical Statistics Simply Explained. Revised Edition.
    New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 1968;:.
    ISBN 0-486-22729-4, 399 pages.


          1341. Thomas GB jr.
    Calculus.
    Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. 1953;:.
    ISBN not stated, 692 pages.


          1342. Stigler SM.
    The History of Statistics. The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900.
    Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 1986;:.
    ISBN 0-674-40341-x, 410 pages.


          1343. Swamy MNS, Thulasiraman K.
    Graphs, Networks, and Algorithms.
    New York: A Wiley Interscience Publication. John Wiley & Sons. 1981;:.
    ISBN 0-471-03503-3, 592 pages.


          1344. Afifi AA, Azen SP.
    Statistical Analysis. A Computer Oriented Approach. Second Edition.
    New York: Academic Press. A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers. 1979;:.
    ISBN 0-12-044460-7, 442 pages.


          1345. Mood AM, Graybill FM.
    Introduction to the Theory of Statistics. Second Edition.
    New York: McGraw-Hill Series in Probability and Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1963;:.
    ISBN not stated, 443 pages.


          1346. Light R.
    Presenting XML.
    Indianapolis, IN: Samsnet. 1997;:.
    ISBN 1-57521-334-6, 414 pages.


          1347. Liberty J.
    Teach Yourself C++ Programming in 21 Days.
    Indianapolis, IN: Sams Publishing. 1994;:.
    ISBN 0-672-30541-0, 815 pages.


          1348. Marrin C, Campbell B.
    Teach Yourself VRML 2 in 21 days.
    Indianapolis, IN: Samsnet. 1997;:.
    ISBN 1-57521-193-9, 479 pages.


          1349. Koss LG.
    Diagnostic Cytology and its Histopathologic Bases. Third Edition. Volumes 1,2.
    Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Company. 1968;:.
    ISBN 0-397-50402-0, 1266 pages.


          1350. Koss LG.
    Diagnostic Cytology and its Histopathologic Bases. Second Edition.
    Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Company. 1968;:.
    ISBN not stated, 653 pages.


          1351. Ross MH, Reith EJ, Romrell LJ.
    Histology. A Text and Atlas. Second Edition.
    Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins. 1989;:.
    ISBN 0-683-07368-0, 783 pages.


          1352. Robbins SL, Cotran RS, Kumar V.
    Pathologic Basis of Disease. Third Edition.
    Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company. 1984;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-7597-2, 1467 pages.


          1353. Robbins SL.
    Pathologic Basis of Disease.
    Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company. 1974;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-7594-8, 1595 pages.


          1354. Whitehead R.
    Mucosal Biopsy of the Gastrointestinal Tract.
    Volume 3 in the Series: Major Problems in Pathology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company. 1974;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-9304-0, 241 pages.


          1355. Ackerman AB.
    Histologic Diagnosis of Inflammatory Skin Diseases. A Method by Pattern Analysis.
    Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. 1978;:.
    ISBN 0-8121-0581-8, 863 pages.


          1356. Silverberg SG.
    Atlas of Breast Pathology.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2002;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-9557-4, 255 pages.


          1357. Wold et al.
    Atlas of Orthopedic Pathology. Second Edition.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2002;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-9158-7, 420 pages.


          1358. Clement, Young.
    Atlas of Gynecologic Surgical Pathology.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2000;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-2458-8, 507 pages.


          1359. Naeim.
    Atlas of Bone Marrow and Blood Pathology.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2001;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-8735-0, 228 pages.


          1360. Kern et al.
    Atlas of Renal Pathology.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 1999;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-7067-4, 349 pages.


          1361. Fu.
    Pathology of the Uterine Cervix, Vagina and Vulva. Second Edition.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2002;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-5756-7, 475 pages.


          1362. Foster, Bostwick DG.
    Pathology of the Prostate.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 1998;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-6951-7, 460 pages.


          1363. Katzenstein AA.
    Katzenstein and Askin's Surgical Pathology of Non-Neoplastic Lung Disease. Third Edition.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 1997;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-5755-9, 487 pages.


          1364. Virmani et al.
    Cardiovascular Pathology. Second Edition.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2001;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-8165-4, 576 pages.


          1365. Owen, Kelly.
    Pathology of the Gallbladder, Biliary Tract and Pancreas.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2001;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-1910-X, 384 pages.


          1366. Weidner N, Cote RJ, Suster S, Weiss L.
    Modern Surgical Pathology.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2003;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-7253-1, 2464 pages.


          1367. Miettinen MM.
    Diagnostic Soft Tissue Pathology.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2002;:.
    ISBN 0-443-06611-6, 608 pages.


          1368. O'Leary TJ.
    Advanced Diagnostic Methods in Pathology. Principles, Practice, and Protocols.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2002;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-4976-9, 560 pages.


          1369. Wickramasinghe SN, McCullough J.
    Blood and Bone Marrow Pathology.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2003;:.
    ISBN 0-443-06436-9, 620 pages.


          1370. Weiss SW, Goldblum JR.
    Enzinger and Weiss's Soft Tissue Tumors. Fourth Edition.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2001;:.
    ISBN 0-323-01200-0, 1632 pages.


          1371. MacSween RN, Burt AD, Portmann BC, Ishak KG, Scheuer PJ, Anthony PP.
    Pathology of the Liver. Fourth Edition.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2001;:.
    ISBN 0-443-06181-5, 895 pages.


          1372. Robboy SJ, Anderson MC, Russell P.
    Pathology of the Female Reproductive Tract.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2001;:.
    ISBN 0-443-05595-5, 929 pages.


          1373. Ironside J, Moss TH, Lowe JS, Weller RO.
    Diagnostic Pathology of Nervous System Tumours.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2002;:.
    ISBN 0-443-04558-5, 750 pages.


          1374. Cotran RS, Kumar V, Collins T.
    Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 1999;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-7335-X, 1440 pages.


          1375. Scheuer PJ, Lefkowitch JH.
    Liver Biopsy Interpretation. Sixth Edition.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2000;:.
    ISBN 0-7020-2502-X, 400 pages.


          1376. Gnepp DR.
    Diagnostic Surgical Pathology of the Head and Neck.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2001;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-76856-9, 912 pages.


          1377. Fletcher CDM.
    Diagnostic Histopathology of Tumors. Second Edition.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2000;:.
    ISBN 0-443-07992-7, 1976 pages. Volumes 1,2.


          1378. Fu YS, Wenig BM, Abdmayor E, Wenig BM.
    Head and Neck Pathology. With Clinical Correlations.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2001;:.
    ISBN 0-443-07558-1, 912 pages.


          1379. Henry JB.
    Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. Twentieth Edition.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2001;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-8864-0, 1512 pages.


          1380. Orell SR, Sterrett GF, Walters MN-I, Whitaker D.
    Manual and Atlas of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology. Third Edition.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 1999;:.
    ISBN 0-443-05714-1, 446 pages.


          1381. Herzberg AJ, Raso DS, Silverman JF.
    Color Atlas of Normal Cytology.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 1999;:.
    ISBN 0-443-07547-6, 502 pages.


          1382. Atkinson BF, Silverman JF.
    Atlas of Difficult Diagnoses in Cytopathology.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 1998;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-4076-1, 580 pages.


          1383. Ferry JA, Harris NL.
    Atlas of Lymphoid Hyperplasia and Lymphoma.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 1997;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-5907-1, 285 pages.


          1384. McCarthy EF, Frassica FJ.
    Pathology of Bone and Joint Disorders with Clinical and Radiographic Correlation.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 1998;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-6336-2, 398 pages.


          1385. Gilbert-Barness E.
    Potter's Atlas of Fetal and Infant Pathology.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 1999;:.
    ISBN 0-323-00126-2, 416 pages.


          1386. Lewis SH, Perrin D.
    Pathology of the Placenta. Second Edition.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 1999;:.
    ISBN 0-443-07586-7, 428 pages.


          1387. LiVolsi VA, Asa SL.
    Endocrine Pathology.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2002;:.
    ISBN 0-443-06595-0, 384 pages.


          1388. Haber MH, Gattuso P, Spitz DJ, David O.
    Differential Diagnosis in Surgical Pathology.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2002;:.
    ISBN 0-7216-9053-X, 1150 pages.


          1389. Weedon D.
    Skin Pathology. Second Edition.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2002;:.
    ISBN 0-443-07069-5, 1100 pages.


          1390.
    Ackerman's Surgical Pathology. Eighth Edition.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 1996;:.
    ISBN 0-8016-7004-7, 2896 pages.


          1391. Lester SC.
    Manual of Surgical Pathology.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2001;:.
    ISBN 0-443-07918-8, 352 pages.


          1392. Dobbs DJ.
    Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2001;:.
    ISBN 0-443-06566-7, 685 pages.


          1393. Burger P, Scheithauer BW, Vogel FS.
    Surgical Pathology of the Nervous System and its Coverings. Fourth Edition.
    Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 2002;:.
    ISBN 0-443-06506-3, 672 pages.


          1394. Chinese Japanese Friendship Hospital Medical Records Fileroom.
    System of the Chinese Classification of Disease. Manual of SNOMED codes. First Edition.
    Chinese Calculator Technical Services, Inc. 1987 Apr;:.
    ISBN: not stated, 397 pages.

          1395. Metzker I.
    A Bintel Brief. Sixty years of Letters from the Lower East Side to the Jewish Daily Forward.
    Fwd and Notes by Golden H. New York: Ballantine Books. 1971;:.
    ISBN 345-02903-8-125, 216 pages.


          1396. Panshin A.
    Heinlein in Dimension. A Critical Analysis.
    Intro by Blish J. Chicago: Advent:Publishers, Inc. 1968;:.
    ISBN: 911682-01-5, 204, pages.


          1397. Moore WG.
    A Dictionary of Geography. Revised and Enlarged Edition. Definitions and Explanations of Terms Used in Geography.
    Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books. 1949;: - 1968;:.
    ISBN: not stated, 234 pages.


          1398. Thomas L.
    The Lives of a Cell. Notes of a Biology Watcher.
    Toronto: Bantam Books, Inc. 1974;:.
    ISBN: not stated, 180 pages.


          1399. Kafka F.
    Hochzeitsvorbereitungen auf dem Lande. Und andere Prosa aus dem Nachlass. [Wedding Preparations in the country. And other prose from the legacy.]
    Brod M, ed. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. 1953;:.
    ISBN: 880-3-596-22067-X, 359 pages.
    Franz Kafka was born in Prague on July 3, 1883, the son of a Jewish merchant. Between 1901 and 1906 he studied first Germanistics for a short time, then Law. Following promotion to Doctor of Laws, he completed a one-year law practice, and then entered the General Assurance company, and went, as a lawyer, to the Worker-Accident-Insurance-Institution, where he remained until his retirement in 1922., Tuberculosis was diagnosed in 1917, from which he died several years later, and June 3, 1924.

          1400. Kafka F.
    Das Schloss. Roman. [The Castle. A Novel.]
    Brod M, ed. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. 1935;:.
    ISBN: 880-3-596-20900-5, 358 pages.


          1401. Weidner N, ed.
    Modern Surgical Pathology (2 Volume Set).
    New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1st edition (January 15, 2001).
    ISBN: 0443079188, 336 pages.

          1402. Hruban RH, Westra WH, Phelps TH, Isacson C.
    Surgical Pathology Dissection: An Illustrated Guide. Second Edition.
    Heidelberg: Springer Verlag; 1st edition (January 15, 1996).
    ISBN: 0387945679, 216 pages.

          1403. Rosai J, Ackerman LV.
    Ackerman's Surgical Pathology (2 Vol Set). Eighth Edition.
    St Louis: CV Mosby; 8th edition (January 15, 1996)
    ISBN: 0801670047, 2732 pages.

          1404. Faber JJ, Thornburg KL.
    Placental Physiology. Structure and Function of Fetomaternal Exchange.
    New York: Raven Press. 1983;:.
    ISBN: 0-89004-978-5, 192 pages.


          1405. Kushner HS.
    When Bad Things Happen to Good People.
    New York: Avon Books. A Division of the Hearst Corporation. 1981;:.
    ISBN: 0-380-60392-6, 149 pages.


          1406. Shem S.
    The House of God.
    New York: A Dell Book. 1978;:.
    ISBN: 0-440-13368-8, 429 pages.


          1407. Khayyam O.
    The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam.
    FitzGerald E, transl. New York: Walter J. Black. 1859;: - 1942;:.
    ISBN: not stated, 178 pages.

    The famous Quatrain 11:
    "A Book of Verses underneath the Bough,
    A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread--and Thou,
    Beside me singing in the Wilderness--
    Oh, Wilderness were Paradise enow!"


          1408. Bunyan J.
    The Pilgrim's Progress.
    Old Tappan, NJ: Spire Books. Fleming H. Revell Company. 1975;:.
    ISBN: not stated, 288 pages.


          1409. Thompson DW.
    On Growth and Form.
    Bonner JT, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1961;:.
    ISBN: 0-521-09390-2, 346 pages.


          1410. Dreyfus HL.
    What Computers Can't Do. A Critique of Artificial Reason. First Edition.
    New York: Harper and Row, Publishers. 1972;:.
    ISBN: 06-011082-1, 259 pages.


    2006. Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations.
    http://www.jcaho.org

    2007. College of American Pathologists:
    http://www.cap.org .

    2008.

    2009. Occam. Entia praeter necessitatem non sunt multiplicanda.

    2023. Church SC. Introduction to Symbolic Logic.

    2024. Shortliffe E. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine.

    2025. Sadegh-zadeh K. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine.

    2026. Emerson RW.
    A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of small minds.

    2027. Anderson A, Belnap N.
    Entailment: The Logic of Relevance and Necessity.
    Princeton: Princeton University Press vol. 1 (1975), vol. 2 (1992)

    2028. Barcan R.
    A Functional Calculus of First Order Based on Strict Implication.
    Journal of Symbolic Logic, 11 (1946): 1-16

    2029. Bencivenga E.
    Free Logics.
    In: Gabbay D, Guenthner F, eds. Handbook of Philosophical Logic.
    Dordrecht: D. Reidel (1986): 3.6

    2030. Bonevac D.
    Deduction.
    Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company. (1987): Part II

    2031. Boolos G.
    The Logic of Provability.
    Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press (1993)

    2032. Bull R, Segerberg K.
    Basic Modal Logic.
    in: Gabbay, D., and Guenthner, F. (eds.) Handbook of Philosophical Logic, Dordrecht: D. Reidel (1984): 2.1

    2033. Carnap R.
    Meaning and Necessity.
    Chicago: U. Chicago Press, 1947

    2034. Chellas B.
    Modal Logic: An Introduction.
    Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press (1980)

    2035. Cresswell MJ.
    Incompleteness and the Barcan formula.
    Journal of Philosophical Logic, 24 (1995): 379-403.

    2036. Cresswell MJ.
    In Defence of the Barcan Formula.
    Logique et Analyse. 135-136 (1991): 271-282.

    2037. Fitting M, Mendelsohn R.
    First Order Modal Logic.
    Dordrecht: Kluwer, (1998)

    2038. Gabbay D.
    Investigations in Modal and Tense Logics.
    Dordrecht: D. Reidel. 1976;:.

    2039. Gabbay D.
    Temporal Logic: Mathematical Foundations and Computational Aspects.
    New York: Oxford University Press (1994).

    2040. Garson J.
    Quantification in Modal Logic.
    In: Gabbay D, Guenthner F. (eds.) Handbook of Philosophical Logic. Dordrecht: D. Reidel (1984): 2.5

    2041. Hintikka J.
    Knowledge and Belief: An Introduction to the Logic of the Two Notions.
    Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press (1962)

    2042. Hilpinen R.
    Deontic Logic: Introductory and Systematic Readings.
    Dordrecht: D. Reidel (1971)

    2043. Hughes G, Cresswell M.
    An Introduction to Modal Logic.
    London: Methuen (1968)
    Excellent biography of historical sources in modal logic.

    2044. Hughes G, Cresswell M.
    A Companion to Modal Logic.
    London: Methuen (1984)

    2045. Hughes G, Cresswell M.
    A New Introduction to Modal Logic.
    London: Routledge. 1996;:.

    2046. Kripke S.
    Semantical Considerations on Modal Logic.
    Acta Philosophica Fennica. 1963;16:83-94.

    2047. Konyndik K.
    Introductory Modal Logic.
    Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. 1986;:.

    2048. Kvart I.
    A Theory of Counterfactuals.
    Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. 1986;:.

    2049. Lemmon E, Scott D.
    An Introduction to Modal Logic.
    Oxford: Blackwell. 1977;:.

    2050. Lewis CI, Langford CH.
    Symbolic Logic.
    New York: Dover Publications, 1959/1932;:.

    2051. Lewis D.
    Counterfactuals.
    Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1973;:.

    2052. Linsky B, Zalta E.
    In Defense of the Simplest Quantified Modal Logic.
    Philosophical Perspectives, 8, (Logic and Language). 1994;:431-458.

    2053. Prior AN.
    Time and Modality.
    Oxford: Clarendon Press (1957)

    2054. Prior AN.
    Past, Present and Future.
    Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1967;:.

    2055. Quine WVO.
    Reference and Modality.
    In: From a Logical Point of View.
    Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1953;:139-159.

    2056. Rescher N, Urquhart A.
    Temporal Logic.
    New York: Springer Verlag. Library of Exact Philosophy. 1971;:.
    ISBN 0-387-80995-3, 273 pages.

    2057. Sahlqvist H.
    Completeness and Correspondence in First and Second Order Semantics for Modal Logic.
    in: Kanger S. (ed.) Proceedings of the Third Scandanavian Logic Symposium,
    Amsterdam: North Holland (1975): 110-143

    2058. Van Benthem JF.
    The Logic of Time.
    Dordrecht: D. Reidel (1982).

    2059. Zeman J.
    Modal Logic, The Lewis-Modal Systems.
    Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1973;:.
    ISBN not stated, 302 pages.

    2060. Garson J.
    Modal Logic.
    The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2001 Edition)
    Edward N. Zalta, ed.
    http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2001/entries/logic-modal/
    On google.com: STANFORD MODAL LOGIC<ENTER>

    2061. Moore GW, Hutchins GM.
    Effort and demand logic in medical decision making.
    Metamedicine 1:277-304, 1980.

    2062. Riede UN, Moore GW, Sandritter W.
    Symbolic logic as a new method of quantitative organelle pathology.
    Exp Mol Pathol. 1980 Dec;33(3):259-282.
    PMID: 7449926.

    2063. Moore GW, Hutchins GM.
    A Hintikka possible worlds model for certainty levels in medical decision making.
    Synthese 1981;48:87-119.

    2064. Sutton W, Linn E.
    Where the Money Was. The Memoirs of the World's Greatest Bank Robber.
    New York: Ballantine Books. 1976;:.
    ISBN 0-345-25371-X-195, 422 pages.
    Part Two: Breaking Out. Sutton's Law, pp. 148-150.

    2065. Petersdorf RG, Beeson PB.
    Fever of Unexplained Origin.
    Medicine. 1961;40:1-30.
    Remark about Sutton's Law on p. 27.

    2066. Lukasiewicz J.
    Elementy Logiki Matematycznej.
    Warsaw. 1929;:.
    as cited in Zeman, 1973.

    2067. Lukasiewicz J.
    A system of Modal Logic.
    The Journal of Computing Systems. 1953;1:111-149.
    as cited in Zeman, 1973.

    2068. Lukasiewicz J. Lukasiewicz J.
    Arithmetic and Modal Logic.
    The Journal of Computing Systems. 1953;1:213-219.
    as cited in Zeman, 1973.

    2069. Lukasiewicz J. Lukasiewicz J.
    On a Controversial Problem of Aristotle's Modal Syllogistic.
    Dominican Studies. 1954;7:114-123.
    as cited in Zeman, 1973.

    2070. Stegmueller W.
    ABC der Logik.

    Ein Hauch der Tragik. (German: A Breath of Tragedy).

    2071. Hippocrates' Oath. The following information was prepared by Harris G. Yfantis, MD. According to URL:
    http://www.geocities.com/everwild7/noharm.html
    "'First, Do No Harm' Is Not in the Hippocratic Oath.

    "It is a widely held misconception that the familiar dictum, 'First, do no harm' comes from the Hippocratic Oath, the oath many physicans take when they enter medical practice.

    "However, the Hippocratic Oath does not and never did contain those words. It expresses a sentiment similar in general meaning, but never employs the words 'First, do no harm.'

    "It is the opinion of many scholars that Hippocrates did, in fact, originate the phrase, but in another of his writings, Epidemics, Bk. I, Sect. XI. One translation reads: 'Declare the past, diagnose the present, foretell the future; practice these acts. As to diseases, make a habit of two things: to help, or at least to do no harm.'

    It is true that 'First, do no harm' is expressed 'Primum nón nocére' in Latin, but Hippocrates wrote in his native Greek. The Latin, then, is not the origin of the phrase, and no one seems to know for sure who coined the Latin. It is a translation of the original Greek, perhaps, but some sources attribute 'Primum non nocere' to the Roman physician, Galen.

    Dr. Yfantis states that the following translation of the Hippocratic Oath, by Francis Adams, is the best rendering of the original Greek, at URL:
    http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/hippooath.html
    The particular phrase in this translation is:
    I will follow that system of regimen which, according to my ability and judgment, and I consider for the benefit of my patients, and abstain from whatever is deletorious and mischievous.


    Other translations are available at URL:
    http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/doctors/oath_classical.html
    " ... I will keep them from harm and injustice.... "

    and URL:
    http://www.indiana.edu/~ancmed/oath.htm

    2072. Irvine AD.
    Russell's Paradox.
    The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2003 Edition).
    http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2003/entries/russell-paradox/

    Russell's Paradox Russell's paradox is the most famous of the logical or set-theoretical paradoxes. The paradox arises within naive set theory by considering the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. Such a set appears to be a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself, hence the paradox.

    Some sets, such as the set of all teacups, are not members of themselves. Other sets, such as the set of all non-teacups, are members of themselves. Call the set of all sets that are not members of themselves "R." If R is a member of itself, then by definition it must not be a member of itself. Similarly, if R is not a member of itself, then by definition it must be a member of itself. Discovered by Bertrand Russell in 1901, the paradox has prompted much work in logic, set theory and the philosophy and foundations of mathematics.

    "History of the paradox. Russell appears to have discovered his paradox in the late spring of 1901, while working on his Principles of Mathematics (1903). Cesare Burali-Forti, an assistant to Giuseppe Peano, had discovered a similar antinomy in 1897 when he noticed that since the set of ordinals is well-ordered, it too must have an ordinal. However, this ordinal must be both an element of the set of all ordinals and yet greater than every such element. Unlike Burali-Forti's paradox, Russell's paradox does not involve either ordinals or cardinals, relying instead only on the primitive notion of set.

    "Russell wrote to Gottlob Frege with news of his paradox on June 16, 1902. The paradox was of significance to Frege's logical work since, in effect, it showed that the axioms Frege was using to formalize his logic were inconsistent. Specifically, Frege's Rule V, which states that two sets are equal if and only if their corresponding functions coincide in values for all possible arguments, requires that an expression such as f(x) be considered both a function of the argument x and a function of the argument f. In effect, it was this ambiguity that allowed Russell to construct R in such a way that it could both be and not be a member of itself.

    "Russell's letter arrived just as the second volume of Frege's Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (The Basic Laws of Arithmetic, 1893, 1903) was in press. Immediately appreciating the difficulty the paradox posed, Frege added to the Grundgesetze a hastily composed appendix discussing Russell's discovery. In the appendix Frege observes that the consequences of Russell's paradox are not immediately clear. For example, "Is it always permissible to speak of the extension of a concept, of a class? And if not, how do we recognize the exceptional cases? Can we always infer from the extension of one concept's coinciding with that of a second, that every object which falls under the first concept also falls under the second? These are the questions," Frege notes, "raised by Mr Russell's communication."[2] Because of these worries, Frege eventually felt forced to abandon many of his views about logic and mathematics.

    "Of course, Russell also was concerned about the contradiction. Upon learning that Frege agreed with him about the significance of the result, he immediately began writing an appendix for his own soon-to-be-released Principles of Mathematics. Entitled "Appendix B: The Doctrine of Types," the appendix represents Russell's first detailed attempt at providing a principled method for avoiding what was soon to become known as "Russell's paradox." Significance of the paradox The significance of Russell's paradox can be seen once it is realized that, using classical logic, all sentences follow from a contradiction. For example, assuming both P and ~P, any arbitrary proposition, Q, can be proved as follows: from P we obtain P [or] Q by the rule of Addition; then from P [or] Q and ~P we obtain Q by the rule of Disjunctive Syllogism. Because of this, and because set theory underlies all branches of mathematics, many people began to worry that, if set theory was inconsistent, no mathematical proof could be trusted completely.

    "Russell's paradox ultimately stems from the idea that any coherent condition may be used to determine a set. As a result, most attempts at resolving the paradox have concentrated on various ways of restricting the principles governing set existence found within naive set theory, particularly the so-called Comprehension (or Abstraction) axiom. This axiom in effect states that any propositional function, P(x), containing x as a free variable can be used to determine a set. In other words, corresponding to every propositional function, P(x), there will exist a set whose members are exactly those things, x, that have property P.[3] It is now generally, although not universally, agreed that such an axiom must either be abandoned or modified.[4]

    "Russell's own response to the paradox was his aptly named theory of types. Recognizing that self-reference lies at the heart of the paradox, Russell's basic idea is that we can avoid commitment to R (the set of all sets that are not members of themselves) by arranging all sentences (or, equivalently, all propositional functions) into a hierarchy. The lowest level of this hierarchy will consist of sentences about individuals. The next lowest level will consist of sentences about sets of individuals. The next lowest level will consist of sentences about sets of sets of individuals, and so on. It is then possible to refer to all objects for which a given condition (or predicate) holds only if they are all at the same level or of the same "type."

    "This solution to Russell's paradox is motivated in large part by the so-called vicious circle principle, a principle which, in effect, states that no propositional function can be defined prior to specifying the function's range. In other words, before a function can be defined, one first has to specify exactly those objects to which the function will apply. (For example, before defining the predicate "is a prime number," one first needs to define the range of objects that this predicate might be said to satisfy, namely the set, N, of natural numbers.) From this it follows that no function's range will ever be able to include any object defined in terms of the function itself. As a result, propositional functions (along with their corresponding propositions) will end up being arranged in a hierarchy of exactly the kind Russell proposes.

    "Although Russell first introduced his theory of types in his 1903 Principles of Mathematics, type theory found its mature expression five years later in his 1908 article, "Mathematical Logic as Based on the Theory of Types," and in the monumental work he co-authored with Alfred North Whitehead, Principia Mathematica (1910, 1912, 1913). Russell's type theory thus appears in two versions: the "simple theory" of 1903 and the "ramified theory" of 1908. Both versions have been criticized for being too ad hoc to e